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Author Smielowski, J. openurl 
  Title Breeding of the Grevy's Zebra at Polish zoological gardens Type Journal Article
  Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal Przeglad Zool  
  Volume 32 Issue Pages 595-597  
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  Area Expedition Conference (down)  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes  
  Call Number Serial 1608  
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Author Smuts, M.M.S.; Penzhorn, B. L. openurl 
  Title Descriptions of antomical differences between skulls and mandibles of Equus zebra and E. burchelli from southern Africa Type Journal Article
  Year 1988 Publication South African Journal of Zoology Abbreviated Journal South African Journal of Zoology  
  Volume 23 Issue (4)3 Pages 328-336  
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  Area Expedition Conference (down)  
  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes  
  Call Number Serial 1617  
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Author Robert, N.; Walzer, C.; Ruegg, S.R.; Kaczensky, P.; Ganbaatar, O.; Stauffer, C. doi  openurl
  Title Pathologic findings in reintroduced Przewalski's horses (Equus caballus przewalskii) in southwestern Mongolia Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Journal of zoo and Wildlife Medicine : Official Publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Abbreviated Journal J Zoo Wildl Med  
  Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 273-285  
  Keywords Animals; Babesiosis/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary; Cause of Death; Conservation of Natural Resources; Disease Susceptibility/veterinary; Environment; Female; Food Chain; Horse Diseases/*epidemiology/pathology; Horses; Male; Mongolia/epidemiology; Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary; *Streptococcus equi; Theileriasis/*epidemiology/pathology; Weather  
  Abstract The Przewalski's horse (Equus caballus przewalskii) was extinct in the wild by the mid 1960s. The species has survived because of captive breeding only. The Takhin Tal reintroduction project is run by the International Takhi Group; it is one of two projects reintroducing horses to the wild in Mongolia. In 1997 the first harem group was released. The first foals were successfully raised in the wild in 1999. Currently, 63 Przewalski's horses live in Takhin Tal. Little information exists on causes of mortality before the implementation of a disease-monitoring program in 1998. Since 1999, all dead horses recovered (n = 28) have been examined and samples collected and submitted for further investigation. Equine piroplasmosis, a tick-transmitted disease caused by Babesia caballi or Theileria equi, is endemic in Takhin Tal and was identified as the cause of death of four stallions and one stillborn foal. In December 2000, wolf predation was implicated in the loss of several Przewalski's horses. However, thorough clinical, pathologic, and bacteriologic investigations performed on dead and surviving horses of this group revealed lesions compatible with strangles. The extreme Mongolian winter of 2000-2001 is thought to have most probably weakened the horses, making them more susceptible to opportunistic infection and subsequent wolf predation. Other occasional causes of death since 1999 were trauma, exhaustion, wasting, urolithiasis, pneumonia, abortion, and stillbirth. The pathologic examination of the Przewalski's horses did not result in a definitive diagnosis in each case. Several disease factors were found to be important in the initial phase of the reintroduction, which could potentially jeopardize the establishment of a self-sustaining population.  
  Address Center for Fish and Wildlife Health, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Berne, Langgass-Strasse 122, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1042-7260 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference (down)  
  Notes PMID:17323569 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 2023  
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Author Chu, G.Z., et al url  openurl
  Title The summer habitat and population numbers of the Mongolian wild ass in the Kalamaili Mountains Wildlife Reserve, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Acta Zoologica Sinica Abbreviated Journal Acta Zoologica Sinica  
  Volume 31 Issue 2 Pages 178-186  
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  Language Chineese Summary Language Original Title  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2258  
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Author King, S.R.B.; Gurnell, J. url  doi
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  Title Scent-marking behaviour by stallions: an assessment of function in a reintroduced population of Przewalski horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Journal of Zoology Abbreviated Journal J Zool  
  Volume 272 Issue 1 Pages 30-36  
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  Abstract Abstract Scent marking is a common form of intraspecific communication in mammal species, and using faeces or urine is a cost-effective way of signalling competitive ability and resource holding power. Marking is ritually performed by male equids, and here we assess the function of male scent-marking behaviour in a recently introduced population of Przewalski horses Equus ferus przewalskii in Mongolia. Two forms of scent marking were observed: defecation on stud piles formed from repeated dunging in the same place, and overmarking of faeces and urine of mares. Stud piles were marked with dung by the harem holder and sniffed before and after dung was deposited. They were not found specifically at the periphery of harem ranges but occurred for the most part along routes used by the horses, and were more common in the core parts of harem ranges or where harem ranges overlapped. Thus, rather than being used to defend range boundaries, stud piles were placed predominantly where they would be encountered by male intruders. Mare excreta were covered with urine by the stallion, but were only sniffed before they were marked, not after. These marks appear to advertise to the mare and other, intruding stallions that the harem holder was the mare's consort and that the interloper should not risk trying to steal the mare or sneak a mating. Thus, the two forms of marking by harem holders appear to combine as first and second lines of defence of paternity rights in male intrasexual competition.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ King2007 Serial 2315  
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Author Klimov, V.; Orlov, V.M. openurl 
  Title Current status and problems of conservation of Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii). Type Journal Article
  Year 1982 Publication J. Zool., London Abbreviated Journal J. Zool., London  
  Volume 61 Issue 12 Pages  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2329  
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Author Klingel, H . doi  openurl
  Title Social behaviour of African Equidae Type Journal Article
  Year 1972 Publication Abbreviated Journal Zool. Afr.  
  Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages 175-185  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2331  
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Author Lydekker R, doi  openurl
  Title Note on the wild ass of Mongolia Type Journal Article
  Year 1904 Publication Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Abbreviated Journal Proc. Zool. Soc. London.  
  Volume Part 1 Issue Pages 431-432  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2342  
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Author VanDierendonck, M.C., de Vries, H., Schilder, M.B.H. url  doi
openurl 
  Title An Analysis of Dominance, Its Behavioural Parameters and Possible Determinants in a Herd of Icelandic horses in captivity Type Journal Article
  Year 1995 Publication Netherlands Journal of Zoology Abbreviated Journal Netherl. J. Zool.  
  Volume 45 Issue 3-4 Pages 362-385  
  Keywords Dominance; rank order; horses; Icelandic horses.  
  Abstract Feral horses are social animals, which have to rely on survival strategies centered on the formation of cohesive social bonds within their bands. Many problems in the husbandry of social animals such as horses, are due to the fact that the limits of their adaptive abilities are exceeded. Evidence suggests that the fundamental social characteristics of domestic horses have remained relatively unchanged. The social structure, social strategies and social interactions were investigated (3 non-consecutive years, 24 hr per day for several weeks) in long term established groups of domestic horses (mares and geldings of all ages) and a few small introduced groups, kept in (semi)natural environments. The general aim was to investigate the social needs of domestic horses. The social life of domestic horses was characterised by long lasting bonds with preferred partners which were established and maintained by allogrooming, play, proximity and dominance behaviours. Bonding partners were mainly found within the same sex-age group, but adult geldings also bonded with sub-adult mares and geldings. Adult mares were clustered in a group, while the other animals formed a second group. Among the adult mares, subgroups according to reproductive state were formed. Individuals regulated their social network by interfering with interactions between other members of the herd, which in itself is complex. An intervention is a behavioural action of one animal that actively interferes with an ongoing interaction between a dyad with the apparent aim of altering that interaction. This was verified by post-hoc analyses of disturbed and undisturbed interactions. Interventions in allogrooming or play were performed significantly more often when at least one member of the initial dyad was a preferred partner of, or familiar to (within the small introduced bands) the intervener. The stronger the preferred association in allogrooming between the intervener and member(s) of the initial dyad, the higher the probability the intervener would displace one initial member and continue allogrooming with the other. Just five behaviours were extracted which reliably reflected the dominance relations among horses. Aggression with the hind quarters was used both offensively and defensively and therefore not suitable as a reliable parameter. Individual dominance relationships were related to social experience. The implications of these findings for horse husbandry were assessed. It is argued that the execution of affiliative behaviours may be rewarding in itself, and therefore always will be a highly motivated behaviour. It is shown that social positive physical interactions (allogrooming, play) with other horses is an ethological need and therefore indispensable in modern husbandry systems. Ethological needs are so important for the animal that husbandry systems that lack the possibilities to execute such behaviours will cause chronic stress. It is concluded that all horses need physical social contact, and that horses, which lack appropriate social learning experiences during ontogeny, may be hampered in their social functioning later in life. Solutions for problems, including dominance problems, in individual social housing and group housing are presented.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2368  
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Author Mitchell, B.L.; Skenton, J.B.; Uys, J.C.M. openurl 
  Title Predation on large mammals in Kafue National Park Type Journal Article
  Year 1965 Publication Abbreviated Journal Zool. Afr  
  Volume 1 Issue Pages 297-318  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2377  
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