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Author |
Smielowski, J. |
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Title |
Breeding of the Grevy's Zebra at Polish zoological gardens |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Przeglad Zool |
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32 |
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595-597 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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yes |
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1608 |
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Author |
Smuts, M.M.S.; Penzhorn, B. L. |
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Title |
Descriptions of antomical differences between skulls and mandibles of Equus zebra and E. burchelli from southern Africa |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
South African Journal of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
South African Journal of Zoology |
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23 |
Issue |
(4)3 |
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328-336 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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yes |
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1617 |
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Author |
Robert, N.; Walzer, C.; Ruegg, S.R.; Kaczensky, P.; Ganbaatar, O.; Stauffer, C. |
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Title |
Pathologic findings in reintroduced Przewalski's horses (Equus caballus przewalskii) in southwestern Mongolia |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
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Journal of zoo and Wildlife Medicine : Official Publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Zoo Wildl Med |
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Volume |
36 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
273-285 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Babesiosis/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary; Cause of Death; Conservation of Natural Resources; Disease Susceptibility/veterinary; Environment; Female; Food Chain; Horse Diseases/*epidemiology/pathology; Horses; Male; Mongolia/epidemiology; Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary; *Streptococcus equi; Theileriasis/*epidemiology/pathology; Weather |
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The Przewalski's horse (Equus caballus przewalskii) was extinct in the wild by the mid 1960s. The species has survived because of captive breeding only. The Takhin Tal reintroduction project is run by the International Takhi Group; it is one of two projects reintroducing horses to the wild in Mongolia. In 1997 the first harem group was released. The first foals were successfully raised in the wild in 1999. Currently, 63 Przewalski's horses live in Takhin Tal. Little information exists on causes of mortality before the implementation of a disease-monitoring program in 1998. Since 1999, all dead horses recovered (n = 28) have been examined and samples collected and submitted for further investigation. Equine piroplasmosis, a tick-transmitted disease caused by Babesia caballi or Theileria equi, is endemic in Takhin Tal and was identified as the cause of death of four stallions and one stillborn foal. In December 2000, wolf predation was implicated in the loss of several Przewalski's horses. However, thorough clinical, pathologic, and bacteriologic investigations performed on dead and surviving horses of this group revealed lesions compatible with strangles. The extreme Mongolian winter of 2000-2001 is thought to have most probably weakened the horses, making them more susceptible to opportunistic infection and subsequent wolf predation. Other occasional causes of death since 1999 were trauma, exhaustion, wasting, urolithiasis, pneumonia, abortion, and stillbirth. The pathologic examination of the Przewalski's horses did not result in a definitive diagnosis in each case. Several disease factors were found to be important in the initial phase of the reintroduction, which could potentially jeopardize the establishment of a self-sustaining population. |
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Center for Fish and Wildlife Health, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Berne, Langgass-Strasse 122, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland |
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English |
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1042-7260 |
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Notes |
PMID:17323569 |
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Serial |
2023 |
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Author |
Chu, G.Z., et al |
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Title |
The summer habitat and population numbers of the Mongolian wild ass in the Kalamaili Mountains Wildlife Reserve, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Acta Zoologica Sinica |
Abbreviated Journal |
Acta Zoologica Sinica |
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31 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
178-186 |
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Chineese |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2258 |
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Author |
King, S.R.B.; Gurnell, J. |
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Title |
Scent-marking behaviour by stallions: an assessment of function in a reintroduced population of Przewalski horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Journal of Zoology |
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J Zool |
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Volume |
272 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
30-36 |
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Abstract Scent marking is a common form of intraspecific communication in mammal species, and using faeces or urine is a cost-effective way of signalling competitive ability and resource holding power. Marking is ritually performed by male equids, and here we assess the function of male scent-marking behaviour in a recently introduced population of Przewalski horses Equus ferus przewalskii in Mongolia. Two forms of scent marking were observed: defecation on stud piles formed from repeated dunging in the same place, and overmarking of faeces and urine of mares. Stud piles were marked with dung by the harem holder and sniffed before and after dung was deposited. They were not found specifically at the periphery of harem ranges but occurred for the most part along routes used by the horses, and were more common in the core parts of harem ranges or where harem ranges overlapped. Thus, rather than being used to defend range boundaries, stud piles were placed predominantly where they would be encountered by male intruders. Mare excreta were covered with urine by the stallion, but were only sniffed before they were marked, not after. These marks appear to advertise to the mare and other, intruding stallions that the harem holder was the mare's consort and that the interloper should not risk trying to steal the mare or sneak a mating. Thus, the two forms of marking by harem holders appear to combine as first and second lines of defence of paternity rights in male intrasexual competition. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ King2007 |
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2315 |
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Author |
Klimov, V.; Orlov, V.M. |
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Title |
Current status and problems of conservation of Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii). |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
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J. Zool., London |
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J. Zool., London |
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61 |
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12 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2329 |
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Author |
Klingel, H . |
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Title |
Social behaviour of African Equidae |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1972 |
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Zool. Afr. |
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7 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
175-185 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2331 |
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Author |
Lydekker R, |
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Title |
Note on the wild ass of Mongolia |
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Year |
1904 |
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Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |
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Proc. Zool. Soc. London. |
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Part 1 |
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431-432 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2342 |
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Author |
VanDierendonck, M.C., de Vries, H., Schilder, M.B.H. |
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Title |
An Analysis of Dominance, Its Behavioural Parameters and Possible Determinants in a Herd of Icelandic horses in captivity |
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Year |
1995 |
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Netherlands Journal of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Netherl. J. Zool. |
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45 |
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3-4 |
Pages |
362-385 |
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Dominance; rank order; horses; Icelandic horses. |
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Abstract |
Feral horses are social animals, which have to rely on survival strategies centered on the formation of cohesive social bonds within their bands. Many problems in the husbandry of social animals such as horses, are due to the fact that the limits of their adaptive abilities are exceeded. Evidence suggests that the fundamental social characteristics of domestic horses have remained relatively unchanged. The social structure, social strategies and social interactions were investigated (3 non-consecutive years, 24 hr per day for several weeks) in long term established groups of domestic horses (mares and geldings of all ages) and a few small introduced groups, kept in (semi)natural environments. The general aim was to investigate the social needs of domestic horses. The social life of domestic horses was characterised by long lasting bonds with preferred partners which were established and maintained by allogrooming, play, proximity and dominance behaviours. Bonding partners were mainly found within the same sex-age group, but adult geldings also bonded with sub-adult mares and geldings. Adult mares were clustered in a group, while the other animals formed a second group. Among the adult mares, subgroups according to reproductive state were formed. Individuals regulated their social network by interfering with interactions between other members of the herd, which in itself is complex. An intervention is a behavioural action of one animal that actively interferes with an ongoing interaction between a dyad with the apparent aim of altering that interaction. This was verified by post-hoc analyses of disturbed and undisturbed interactions. Interventions in allogrooming or play were performed significantly more often when at least one member of the initial dyad was a preferred partner of, or familiar to (within the small introduced bands) the intervener. The stronger the preferred association in allogrooming between the intervener and member(s) of the initial dyad, the higher the probability the intervener would displace one initial member and continue allogrooming with the other. Just five behaviours were extracted which reliably reflected the dominance relations among horses. Aggression with the hind quarters was used both offensively and defensively and therefore not suitable as a reliable parameter. Individual dominance relationships were related to social experience. The implications of these findings for horse husbandry were assessed. It is argued that the execution of affiliative behaviours may be rewarding in itself, and therefore always will be a highly motivated behaviour. It is shown that social positive physical interactions (allogrooming, play) with other horses is an ethological need and therefore indispensable in modern husbandry systems. Ethological needs are so important for the animal that husbandry systems that lack the possibilities to execute such behaviours will cause chronic stress. It is concluded that all horses need physical social contact, and that horses, which lack appropriate social learning experiences during ontogeny, may be hampered in their social functioning later in life. Solutions for problems, including dominance problems, in individual social housing and group housing are presented. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2368 |
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Author |
Mitchell, B.L.; Skenton, J.B.; Uys, J.C.M. |
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Title |
Predation on large mammals in Kafue National Park |
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Year |
1965 |
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Zool. Afr |
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1 |
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297-318 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2377 |
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