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Author | Marinier, S.L.; Alexander, A.J.; Waring, G.H. | ||||
Title | Flehmen behaviour in the domestic horse: Discrimination of conspecific odours | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1988 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 19 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 227-237 |
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Abstract | American Saddlebred horses were used to test the responses of domestic horses to the odours of conspecifics. In all cases the odours were tested in the absence of the donor animal. Thus the test animal's behavioural responses were concentrated on the olfactory stimuli, and possible interference from donor behaviour was eliminated. Stallions were significantly more responsive than mares and geldings. This was shown in both flehmen and sniffing behaviour to urine/vaginal secretions and in sniffing behaviour to faecal samples. Only stallions were used for subsequent tests. Stallions showed no significant differences in response to the odour of urine/vaginal secretions of an oestrus mare from that when she was not in season. Parameters used for analysis of data were frequency, latency and duration of flehmen as well as duration of responsiveness to samples. In testing for differences in odours between individual mares, two methods were used. The stallions differentiated between samples from individual mares. In some cases this differentiation was exhibited when the stallions were merely presented with the two samples in sequence. In other cases statistically significant differences in response to the odours were shown only by simultaneous presentation of the two samples to the test stallion. Parameters used for data analysis were frequency and duration of flehmen and duration of responsiveness. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 507 | ||
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Author | Sharp, T.; Saunders, G. | ||||
Title | mustering of feral horses | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | Publication | Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Abstract | Background Feral horses (Equus caballus) can cause significant environmental damage and losses to rural industries. Although considered pests, feral horses are also a resource, providing products such as pet meat for the domestic market and meat for human consumption for the export market. Control methods include trapping, mustering exclusion fencing, ground shooting and shooting from helicopters. Feral horses are mustered by helicopter, motorbike or on horseback, sometimes with the assistance of coacher horses. Once mustered into yards, net traps or fenced paddocks, the horses are usually sold to abattoirs for slaughter which can offset the costs of capture and handling. Less commonly, they are sold as riding horses or relocated to reserves or horse sanctuaries. Where there is no market for them or where removal may be too costly or impractical e.g. in conservation areas or remote areas without access to transportation, horses are sometimes destroyed by shooting in the yards. This standard operating procedure (SOP) is a guide only; it does not replace or override the legislation that applies in the relevant State or Territory jurisdiction. The SOP should only be used subject to the applicable legal requirements (including OH&S) operating in the relevant jurisdiction. |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 517 | ||
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Author | McLeod, P.G.; Huntingford, F.A. | ||||
Title | Social rank and predator inspection in sticklebacks | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1994 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 47 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 1238-1240 |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 525 | ||
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Author | Amdam, G.V.; Csondes, A.; Fondrk, M.K.; Page, R.E.J. | ||||
Title | Complex social behaviour derived from maternal reproductive traits | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
Volume | 439 | Issue | 7072 | Pages | 76-78 |
Keywords | Aging/physiology; Animals; Bees/*physiology; *Evolution; Feeding Behavior/*physiology; Female; Infertility, Female; Maternal Behavior/*physiology; Ovary/physiology; Pollen/metabolism; Reproduction/*physiology; *Social Behavior | ||||
Abstract | A fundamental goal of sociobiology is to explain how complex social behaviour evolves, especially in social insects, the exemplars of social living. Although still the subject of much controversy, recent theoretical explanations have focused on the evolutionary origins of worker behaviour (assistance from daughters that remain in the nest and help their mother to reproduce) through expression of maternal care behaviour towards siblings. A key prediction of this evolutionary model is that traits involved in maternal care have been co-opted through heterochronous expression of maternal genes to result in sib-care, the hallmark of highly evolved social life in insects. A coupling of maternal behaviour to reproductive status evolved in solitary insects, and was a ready substrate for the evolution of worker-containing societies. Here we show that division of foraging labour among worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) is linked to the reproductive status of facultatively sterile females. We thereby identify the evolutionary origin of a widely expressed social-insect behavioural syndrome, and provide a direct demonstration of how variation in maternal reproductive traits gives rise to complex social behaviour in non-reproductive helpers. | ||||
Address | Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA. Gro.Amdam@asu.edu | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1476-4687 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:16397498 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 531 | ||
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Author | Proudman, C.; Pinchbeck, G.; Clegg, P.; French, N. | ||||
Title | Equine welfare: risk of horses falling in the Grand National | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
Volume | 428 | Issue | 6981 | Pages | 385-386 |
Keywords | Accidental Falls/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data; Animal Welfare; Animals; Great Britain; Horse Diseases/prevention & control; Horses/*physiology; Odds Ratio; Risk Assessment; *Sports | ||||
Abstract | As in other competitive sports, the famous Grand National steeplechase, which is held at Aintree in the United Kingdom and is watched by 600 million people worldwide, sometimes results in injury. By analysing data from the past 15 Grand National races (consisting of 560 starts by horses), we are able to identify several factors that are significantly associated with failure to complete the race: no previous experience of the course and its unique obstacles, unfavourable ground conditions (too soft or too hard), a large number of runners, and the length of the odds ('starting price'). We also find that there is an increased risk of falling at the first fence and at the jump known as Becher's Brook, which has a ditch on the landing side. Our findings indicate ways in which the Grand National could be made safer for horses and illustrate how epidemiological analysis might contribute to preventing injury in competitive sport. | ||||
Address | Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK. c.j.proudman@liverpool.ac.uk | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1476-4687 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:15042079 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 535 | ||
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Author | James, R.; Bennett, P.G.; Krause, J. | ||||
Title | Geometry for mutualistic and selfish herds: the limited domain of danger | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Journal of Theoretical Biology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Theor. Biol. |
Volume | 228 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 107-113 |
Keywords | Aggregation; Selfish herd; Limited domains | ||||
Abstract | We present a two-dimensional individual-based model of aggregation behaviour in animals by introducing the concept of a “limited domain of danger”, which represents either a limited detection range or a limited attack range of predators. The limited domain of danger provides a suitable framework for the analysis of individual movement rules under real-life conditions because it takes into account the predator's prey detection and capture abilities. For the first time, a single geometrical construct can be used to analyse the predation risk of both peripheral and central individuals in a group. Furthermore, our model provides a conceptual framework that can be equally applied to aggregation behaviour and refuge use and thus presents a conceptual advance on current theory that treats these antipredator behaviours separately. An analysis of individual movement rules using limited domains of danger showed that the time minimization strategy outcompetes the nearest neighbour strategy proposed by Hamilton's (J. Theor. Biol. 31 (1971) 295) selfish herd model, whereas a random strategy confers no benefit and can even be disadvantageous. The superior performance of the time minimization strategy highlights the importance of taking biological constraints, such as an animal's orientation relative to its neighbours, into account when searching for efficient movement rules underlying the aggregation process. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 552 | ||
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Author | Galef, B.G. | ||||
Title | The adaptive value of social learning: a reply to Laland | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 52 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 641-644 |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 566 | ||
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Author | Griffin, A.S.; Galef, J., Bennett G. | ||||
Title | Social learning about predators: does timing matter? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 69 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 669-678 |
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Abstract | In Pavlovian conditioning, animals acquire a response to a previously neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS), such as a light, if that stimulus predicts a biologically important event (unconditioned stimulus, US), such as delivery of food. Learning typically occurs when the CS precedes the US (forward conditioning), and not when the CS follows the US (backward conditioning). In social learning about predators, the predator stimulus is considered to be the CS to which observers acquire avoidance responses after the stimulus has been presented in contiguity with an alarmed demonstrator, the US. We tested the prediction that social learning of response to a predator would occur even if the social alarm cues (the US) appeared before the predatory stimulus (the CS). Carib grackles, Quiscalus lugubris, responded to a familiar predator presented at close range by suppressing alarm calls. Presentation of an unfamiliar avian model (black-and-yellow pigeon) also decreased calling, and this inhibition of calling was enhanced following a training session in which the model stimulus was presented in association with grackle alarm calls. Acquired inhibition of calling was independent of the order of presentation of the model and an alarm chorus. These are the first results to indicate that social acquisition of predator avoidance is not dependent upon a particular temporal relationship between predators and social alarm cues. Evolution may have modified some properties of Pavlovian conditioning to accommodate social learning about potentially dangerous stimuli. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 572 | ||
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Author | Galef,, Bennett G. | ||||
Title | Why behaviour patterns that animals learn socially are locally adaptive | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 49 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 1325-1334 |
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Abstract | Recent models of the social transmission of behaviour by animals have repeatedly led their authors to the counterintuitive (and counterfactual) conclusion that traditional behaviour patterns in animals are often not locally adaptive. This deduction results from the assumption in such models that frequency of expression of socially learned behaviour patterns is not affected by rewards or punishments contingent upon their expression. An alternative approach to analysis of social learning processes, based on Staddon-Simmelhag's conditioning model, is proposed here. It is assumed that social interactions affect the probability of introduction of novel behaviour patterns into a naive individual's repertoire and that consequences of engaging in a socially learned behaviour determine whether that behaviour continues to be expressed. Review of several recently analysed instances of animal social learning suggests that distinguishing processes that introduce behaviour patterns into the repertoires of individuals from processes that select among behavioural alternatives aids in understanding observed differences in the longevity of various traditional behaviour patterns studied in both laboratory and field. Finally, implications of the present approach for understanding the role of social learning in evolutionary process are discussed. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 578 | ||
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Author | Miklosi, A.; Pongracz, P.; Lakatos, G.; Topal, J.; Csanyi, V. | ||||
Title | A Comparative Study of the Use of Visual Communicative Signals in Interactions Between Dogs (Canis familiaris) and Humans and Cats (Felis catus) and Humans | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Journal of Comparative Psychology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Comp. Psychol. |
Volume | 119 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 179-186 |
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Abstract | Dogs' (Canis familiaris) and cats' (Felis catus) interspecific communicative behavior toward humans was investigated. In Experiment 1, the ability of dogs and cats to use human pointing gestures in an object-choice task was compared using 4 types of pointing cues differing in distance between the signaled object and the end of the fingertip and in visibility duration of the given signal. Using these gestures, both dogs and cats were able to find the hidden food; there was no significant difference in their performance. In Experiment 2, the hidden food was made inaccessible to the subjects to determine whether they could indicate the place of the hidden food to a naive owner. Cats lacked some components of attention-getting behavior compared with dogs. The results suggest that individual familiarization with pointing gestures ensures high-level performance in the presence of such gestures; however, species-specific differences could cause differences in signaling toward the human. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 599 | ||
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