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Anderson, G. D., & Talbot, L. M. (1965). Soil factors affecting distribution of the grassland types and their utilization by wild animals on the Serengeti Plains. J Ecol, 53, 1.
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Anderson, G. D., & Herlocker, D. J. (1973). Soil factors affecting the distribution of the vegetation types and their utilization by wild animals in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. J Ecol, 61, 627–651.
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Bannikov, A. G. (1975). Recent status of the wild ass in Mongolia. IUCN Bulletin, 6(4), 16.
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Vieuille, C., Berger, F., Le Pape, G., & Bellanger, D. (2003). Sow behaviour involved in the crushing of piglets in outdoor farrowing huts--a brief report. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 80(2), 109–115.
Abstract: This study focuses on maternal activities involved in the trapping of piglets by the sow's body in outdoor farrowing systems and examine the mother-piglet context leading either to the death of piglets or to their survival. The behaviour of six Large-WhitexLandrace sows and their litters was continuously video recorded at their first and second parity, during the 40 h following parturition. Crushing mainly occurred at evening and night, during the first 12 h of farrowing and involved changes between lying, sitting and standing positions, as well as between udder and side lying. No piglet died from savaging. Nevertheless, aggressive behaviours of sows were observed, particularly in their first maternal experience. The immediate context of trapping was related to the labour of the sow and to the feeding and resting of piglets. The immediate crushing context was related to active avoidance of restless piglets while lying down, as well as sitting and standing behaviours. These results are discussed in terms of differential reactions of the sow to suckling attempts of piglets.
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Carson, K., & Wood-Gush, D. G. M. (1983). Equine behaviour: I. A review of the literature on social and dam--Foal behaviour. Appl. Animal. Ethol., 10(3), 165–178.
Abstract: In most cases, the social organisation of each of the seven species of Equidae existing today outside captivity is either territorial or non-territorial. The striking differences found between these two types of organisation in the social grouping and bonds, mating behaviour, leadership and dominance hierarchies of the animals are examined. It is thought that the non-territorial species show a less primitive type of organisation than the territorial animals. Infant Equidae are precocious animals and are able to follow their dams soon after birth. They stay close by their dams and travel with the herd from an early age and are therefore classified as “followers”, in contrast to the species which have a period of hiding after birth. Dams recognise their foals immediately after birth, whereas it takes 2 or 3 days for a foal to form an attachment to its dam. Being in close proximity to their dams, foals are able to nurse frequently and, unless artificially weaned, a foal will nurse until its dam foals again. Foals start to graze during their first week and as they grow older they spend more time grazing and less time nursing and resting. It is normal for foals to be corprophagic until one month old, and this provides them with bacteria essential for the digestion of fibre. Play behaviour is solitary in very young foals, but after 4 weeks of age, foals play together, with male foals playing more than females and showing more aggressive, fighting movements in play.
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Castley, J. G., & Knight, M. H. (1997). Population status of plains zebra, Equus burchelli, in South African National Parks. Scientific Services, National Parks Board, .
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Chu, G. Z., et al. (1985). The summer habitat and population numbers of the Mongolian wild ass in the Kalamaili Mountains Wildlife Reserve, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 31(2), 178–186.
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Dvoinos, G. M., Kharchenko, V. A., & Zviagnitsova, N. S. (1992). The characteristics of the helminth community in the Turkmen kulan (Equus hemionus). Parazitologiia, 26(3), 246–251.
Abstract: The helminth fauna of 24 kulans from Askaniya-Nova and Badkhyz was studied. 42 species of helminths were found, 34 of which belong to strongylids. The helminth species composition of kulan is similar to that of other species of horses. This is a result of an intensive parasite exchange in the historical past when numerous populations of different Equidae species made long seasonal migrations over steppe inter-river lands of Asia and grazed for some time on common pastures.
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Henneke, D. R., Potter, G. D., Kreider, J. L., & Yeates, B. F. (1983). Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares. Equine Vet J, 15(4), 371–372.
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Joubert, E., & Louw, G. N. (1976). Preliminary observations on the digestive and renal efficiency of Hartmann's zebra Equus zebra hartmannae. Madoqua, 10, 119–121.
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