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Author Hare, B.
Title Can competitive paradigms increase the validity of experiments on primate social cognition? Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.
Volume 4 Issue 3 Pages 269-280
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Abstract Experiments vary in their ability to distinguish between competing hypotheses. In tests on primate cognition the majority of this variation is due to an experimenter's ability to test primates in valid settings while providing the adequate amount of experimental control. While experimenters studying primate cognition can use methods of control perfected in captivity, it is still very unclear how to design and then objectively evaluate the external validity of new experimental paradigms. I recommend that more effort be allocated to specify how to create relevant test settings for primates. Primate social life is highly competitive. This means that all aspects of primates themselves, including their cognitive abilities, have likely been shaped by the need to out-compete conspecifics. Based on this hypothesis, sophisticated cognitive abilities of primates might best be demonstrated in competitive contexts. Thus, it is suggested that one possible measure of validity is whether investigators integrate a competitive component into their experimental designs. To evaluate this methodological prediction I review the literature on chimpanzee perspective-taking as a case study including several recent studies that include a competitive component in their experimental designs.
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Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3093
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Author Xitco, M.; Gory, J.; Kuczaj, S.
Title Spontaneous pointing by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.
Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages 115-123
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Abstract Two bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) participating in a symbolic communication project spontaneously developed behaviors that resembled pointing and gaze alternation. The dolphins' behavior demonstrated several features reminiscent of referential communicative behavior. It was triadic, involving a signaler, receiver, and referent. It was also indicative, specifying a focus of attention. The dolphins' points were distinct from the act of attending to or acting on objects. Spontaneous dolphin pointing was influenced by the presence of a potential receiver, and the distance between that receiver and the dolphin. These findings suggest that dolphins are capable of producing referential gestures.
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Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3111
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Author Brown, C.
Title Familiarity with the test environment improves escape responses in the crimson spotted rainbowfish, Melanotaenia duboulayi Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.
Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages 109-113
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Abstract Animals that are familiar with their environment have been reported to have greater survivorship for a number of reasons related to their knowledge of the terrain, which they recall from memory. In an initial experiment rainbowfish significantly improved their escape response towards a novel trawl apparatus over a sequence of five runs. Escape latencies were still low during a subsequent exposure 11 months after the initial exposure. While part of the improvement in escape success was certainly due to learning associated with the location of the escape route, it is likely that this was aided by habituation to the tank environment and the experimental protocol. In a follow-up experiment, fish that had been kept in the experimental tank for 3 weeks prior to testing, and had become familiar with the test tank, showed significantly lower escape latencies and escaped more often than fish that were not familiar with the test environment. It is suspected that familiarity with the testing arena decreased stress and enabled individuals to detect novel stimuli and devote more attention to them. These findings have significant implications for experimenters studying aspects of animal cognition, such as learning and memory, in laboratory situations.
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Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3113
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Author Zuberbühler, K.
Title Predator-specific alarm calls in Campbell's monkeys, Cercopithecus campbelli Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 414-422
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Abstract One of the most prominent behavioural features of many forest primates are the loud calls given by the adult males. Early observational studies repeatedly postulated that these calls function in intragroup spacing or intergroup avoidance. More recent field experiments with Diana monkeys (Cercopithecus diana) of Ta&iuml; Forest, Ivory Coast, have clearly shown that loud male calls function as predator alarm calls because calls reliably (1) label different predator classes and (2) convey semantic information about the predator type present. Here, I test the alarm call hypothesis another primate, the Campbell's monkey (C. campbelli). Like Diana monkeys, male Campbell's monkeys produce conspicuous loud calls to crowned hawk eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) and leopards (Panthera pardus), two of their main predators. Playback experiments showed that monkeys responded to the predator category represented by the different playback stimuli, regardless of whether they consisted of (1) vocalisations of the actual predators (crowned hawk eagle shrieks or leopard growls), (2) alarm calls to crowned hawk eagles or leopards given by other male Campbell's monkeys or (3) alarm calls to crowned hawk eagles or leopards given by sympatric male Diana monkeys. These experiments provide further evidence that non-human primates have evolved the cognitive capacity to produce and respond to referential labels for external events.
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Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3116
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Author Tanaka, M.
Title Discrimination and categorization of photographs of natural objects by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.
Volume 4 Issue 3 Pages 201-211
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Abstract Two experiments assessed the ability of four adult female chimpanzees to categorize natural objects. Chimpanzees were initially trained to match different color photographs of familiar objects from four possible categories. In training, all the comparison stimuli were from the same category in one condition, and from different categories in another condition. For all subjects, training performance was consistently better for the “different category” than for the “same category” trials. Probe trials were shown after training. In probe trials, the sample and positive comparison stimuli were different items from the same category, and the foils were selected from among the three other test categories. Individual performance was above chance in probe trials, suggesting that categorization by chimpanzees may transcend perceptual resemblance. These results were later replicated with novel stimulus items from the same four categories (experiment&#160;2). Altogether, this research demonstrates that chimpanzees grouped perceptually different exemplars within the same category, and further suggests that these animals formed conceptual representations of the categories.
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Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3128
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Author Cook, R.G.; Shaw, R.; Blaisdell, A.P.
Title Dynamic object perception by pigeons: discrimination of action in video presentations Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.
Volume 4 Issue 3 Pages 137-146
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Abstract Two experiments examined the discrimination by pigeons of relative motion using computer-generated video stimuli. Using a go/no-go procedure, pigeons were tested with video stimuli in which the camera's perspective went either “around” or “through” an approaching object in a semi-realistic context. Experiment 1 found that pigeons could learn this discrimination and transfer it to videos composed from novel objects. Experiment 2 found that the order of the video's frames was critical to the discrimination of the videos. We hypothesize that the pigeons perceived a three-dimensional representation of the objects and the camera's relative motion and used this as the primary basis for discrimination. It is proposed that the pigeons might be able to form generalized natural categories for the different kinds of motions portrayed in the videos.
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Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3142
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Author De Lillo,; C. De Lillo; Floreano,; D. Floreano; Antinucci,; F. Antinucci
Title Transitive choices by a simple, fully connected, backpropagation neural network: implications for the comparative study of transitive inference Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.
Volume 4 Issue 1 Pages 61-68
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Abstract In search of the minimal requirements for transitive reasoning, a simple neural network was trained and tested on the non-verbal version of the conventional “five-term-series task” – a paradigm used with human adults, children and a variety of non-human species. The transitive performance of the network was analogous in several aspects to that reported for children and animals. The three effects usually associated with transitive choices i.e. “symbolic distance”, “lexical marking” and “end-anchor”, were also clearly shown by the neural network. In a second experiment, where the training conditions were manipulated, the network failed to match the behavioural pattern reported for human adults in the test following an ordered presentation of the premises. However, it mimicked young children's performance when tested with a novel comparison term. Although we do not intend to suggest a new model of transitive inference, we conclude, in line with other authors, that a simple error-correcting rule can generate transitive behaviour similar to the choice pattern of children and animals in the binary form of the five-term-series task without requiring high-order logical or paralogical abilities. The analysis of the training history and of the final internal structure of the network reveals the associative strategy employed. However, our results indicate that the scope of the associative strategy used by the network might be limited. The extent to which the conventional five-term-series task, in absence of appropriate manipulations of training and testing conditions, is suitable to detect cognitive differences across species is also discussed on the basis of our results.
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Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3145
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Author Cordeiro de Sousa, M.; Xavier, N.; Alves da Silva, H.; Souza de Oliveira, M.; Yamamoto, M.
Title Hand preference study in marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus ) using food reaching tests Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication Primates Abbreviated Journal Primates
Volume 42 Issue 1 Pages 57-66
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Abstract Abstract&nbsp;&nbsp;Hand preference has been investigated in New World primates but the data obtained thus far are controversial. In this study we investigated hand preference in common marmosets,Callithrix jacchus, during the execution of a reaching for food task. We used 46 adult common marmoset males (n=27) and females (n=19) from the Universidade of Rio Grande do Norte colony, both wild and captive-born. To test the hand preference we used a device measuring 10 cm2, with a central hole 1 cm in diameter, to force the animal to use only one hand to reach for food on a food dish located underneath. Each animal was tested 5 times and had to make a maximum of 20 successful attempts per session. A total of 100 successful attempts per animal and 4,600 successful attempts for all animals were recorded during the experiment. Latency and duration of the sessions were measured and we found preference for the use of one of the hands in common marmoset individuals, i.e. 45 of total of 46 animals used significantly more the right or the left hand when performing the task. However no bias at the population level was found. Females born in captivity presented an increase in the duration of latency for the first successful attempt and in the total duration of the test sessions. These findings might be indicating differences associated with a natural tendency for females to be more selective and to spend more time exploring alimentary sources. Additionally, captive-born females may have a constrain in developing cognitive abilities regarding foraging since they have food available during most part of the time.
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Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3149
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Author Iversen, I.H.; Matsuzawa, T.
Title Acquisition of navigation by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in an automated fingermaze task Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.
Volume 4 Issue 3 Pages 179-192
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Abstract These experiments investigated how chimpanzees learn to navigate visual fingermazes presented on a touch monitor. The aim was to determine whether training the subjects to solve several different mazes would establish a generalized map-reading skill such that they would solve new mazes correctly on the first presentation. In experiment&#160;1, two captive adult female chimpanzees were trained to move a visual object (a ball) with a finger over the monitor surface toward a target through a grid of obstacles that formed a maze. The task was fully automated with storage of movement paths on individual trials. Training progressed from very simple mazes with one obstacle to complex mazes with several obstacles. The subjects learned to move the ball to the target in a curved path so as to avoid obstacles and blind alleys. After training on several mazes, both subjects developed a high level of efficiency in moving the ball to the target in a path that closely approached the ideal shortest path. New mazes were then presented to determine whether the subjects had acquired a more generalized maze-solving performance. The subjects solved 65&#8211;100% of the new mazes the first time they were presented by moving the ball around obstacles to the target without making detours into blind alleys. In experiment&#160;2, one of the chimpanzees was trained using mazes with two routes to the target. One of the routes was blocked at one of many possible locations. After training to avoid the blind alley in different mazes, new mazes were presented that also had one route blocked. The subject correctly solved 90.7% of the novel mazes. When the mazes had one short and one long open route to the target the subject preferred the shorter route. When the short route was blocked, the subject solved only 53.3% of the mazes because of the preference for the shorter route even when blocked. The overall results suggest that with the training methods used the subjects learned to solve specific mazes with a trial-and-error method. Although both subjects were able to solve many of the novel mazes they did not fully develop a more general “map-reading” skill.
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Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3160
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Author Hashiya, K.; Kojima, S.
Title Acquisition of auditory-visual intermodal matching-to-sample by a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): comparison with visual-visual intramodal matching Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.
Volume 4 Issue 3 Pages 231-239
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Abstract A chimpanzee acquired an auditory&#8211;visual intermodal matching-to-sample (AVMTS) task, in which, following the presentation of a sample sound, the subject had to select from two alternatives a photograph that corresponded to the sample. The acquired AVMTS performance might shed light on chimpanzee intermodal cognition, which is one of the least understood aspects in chimpanzee cognition. The first aim of this paper was to describe the training process of the task. The second aim was to describe through a series of experiments the features of the chimpanzee AVMTS performance in comparison with results obtained in a visual intramodal matching task, in which a visual stimulus alone served as the sample. The results show that the acquisition of AVMTS was facilitated by the alternation of auditory presentation and audio-visual presentation (i.e., the sample sound together with a visual presentation of the object producing the particular sample sound). Once AVMTS performance was established for the limited number of stimulus sets, the subject showed rapid transfer of the performance to novel sets. However, the subject showed a steep decay of matching performance as a function of the delay interval between the sample and the choice alternative presentations when the sound alone, but not the visual stimulus alone, served as the sample. This might suggest a cognitive limitation for the chimpanzee in auditory-related tasks.
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Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3164
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