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Author |
Vallortigara G. |
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Title |
Minds of Their Own |
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1998 |
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Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
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Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
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2 |
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118-118 |
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3466 |
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Mesulam, M.-M. |
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Review article. From sensation to cognition |
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1998 |
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Brain |
Abbreviated Journal |
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121 |
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1013-1052 |
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3467 |
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Mizuguchi, M.; Arai, M.; Ke, Y.; Nitta, K.; Kuwajima, K. |
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Title |
Equilibrium and kinetics of the folding of equine lysozyme studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
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Journal of Molecular Biology |
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283 |
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1 |
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265-277 |
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equine lysozyme; protein folding; molten globule; stopped-flow; folding intermediate |
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The equilibrium unfolding and the kinetics of unfolding and refolding of equine lysozyme, a Ca2+-binding protein, were studied by means of circular dichroism spectra in the far and near-ultraviolet regions. The transition curves of the guanidine hydrochloride-induced unfolding measured at 230 nm and 292.5 nm, and for the apo and holo forms of the protein have shown that the unfolding is well represented by a three-state mechanism in which the molten globule state is populated as a stable intermediate. The molten globule state of this protein is more stable and more native-like than that of α-lactalbumin, a homologous protein of equine lysozyme. The kinetic unfolding and refolding of the protein were induced by concentration jumps of the denaturant and measured by stopped-flow circular dichroism. The observed unfolding and refolding curves both agreed well with a single-exponential function. However, in the kinetic refolding reactions below 3 M guanidine hydrochloride, a burst-phase change in the circular dichroism was present, and the burst-phase intermediate in the kinetic refolding is shown to be identical with the molten globule state observed in the equilibrium unfolding. Under a strongly native condition, virtually all the molecules of equine lysozyme transform the structure from the unfolded state into the molten globule, and the subsequent refolding takes place from the molten globule state. The transition state of folding, which may exist between the molten globule and the native states, was characterized by investigating the guanidine hydrochloride concentration-dependence of the rate constants of refolding and unfolding. More than 80% of the hydrophobic surface of the protein is buried in the transition state, so that it is much closer to the native state than to the molten globule in which only 36% of the surface is buried in the interior of the molecule. It is concluded that all the present results are best explained by a sequential model of protein folding, in which the molten globule state is an obligatory folding intermediate on the pathway of folding. |
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3990 |
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Author |
Carpenter, M.; Nagell, K.; Tomasello, M.; Butterworth, G.; Moore, C. |
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Title |
Social Cognition, Joint Attention, and Communicative Competence from 9 to 15 Months of Age |
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Year |
1998 |
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Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development |
Abbreviated Journal |
Monogr Soc Res Child Dev |
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63 |
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4 |
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1-174 |
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At around 1 year of age, human infants display a number of new behaviors that seem to indicate a newly emerging understanding of other persons as intentional beings whose attention to outside objects may be shared, followed into, and directed in various ways. These behaviors have mostly been studied separately. In the current study, we investigated the most important of these behaviors together as they emerged in a single group of 24 infants between 9 and 15 months of age. At each of seven monthly visits, we measured joint attentional engagement, gaze and point following, imitation of two different kinds of actions on objects, imperative and declarative gestures, and comprehension and production of language. We also measured several nonsocial-cognitive skills as a point of comparison. We report two studies. The focus of the first study was the initial emergence of infants' social-cognitive skills and how these skills are related to one another developmentally. We found a reliable pattern of emergence: Infants progressed from sharing to following to directing others' attention and behavior. The nonsocial skills did not emerge predictably in this developmental sequence. Furthermore, correlational analyses showed that the ages of emergence of all pairs of the social-cognitive skills or their components were interrelated. The focus of the second study was the social interaction of infants and their mothers, especially with regard to their skills of joint attentional engagement (including mothers' use of language to follow into or direct infants' attention) and how these skills related to infants' early communicative competence. Our measures of communicative competence included not only language production, as in previous studies, but also language comprehension and gesture production. It was found that two measures-the amount of time infants spent in joint engagement with their mothers and the degree to which mothers used language that followed into their infant's focus of attention-predicted infants' earliest skills of gestural and linguistic communication. Results of the two studies are discussed in terms of their implications for theories of social-cognitive development, for theories of language development, and for theories of the process by means of which human children become fully participating members of the cultural activities and processes into which they are born. |
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3997 |
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Veissier, I.; Boissy, A.; Nowak, R.; Orgeur, P.; Poindron, P. |
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Title |
Ontogeny of social awareness in domestic herbivores |
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1998 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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57 |
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3-4 |
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233-245 |
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Animal; Environment; Relationship |
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It is now well established that domestic animals construct responses to their environment that depend on experience and on integration of several features of the environment, including social partners. This ability to be aware of the environment is not fully developed at birth but improves and varies through the animal's life. This topic is discussed on the basis of social processes in sheep and cattle. Social relationships of an animal with its conspecifics develop with age; they do not merely depend on pre-programmed behaviours but rely at least in part on learning of characteristics of the partners. Soon after birth, a strong preferential bond establishes with the dam then to a lesser extent, the young associates to other members of the flock, especially other young. The attractiveness of the group varies later in life due to external events or to physiological state: the abrupt separation from the dam at artificial weaning strengthens bonds between peers, whereas around parturition, females are less disturbed by isolation from the group. More recently, the awareness of social partners has been described in non-social contexts: the animal modifies its responses to events according to the presence of partners, and also to their emotional state and behaviour. The effects of partners seem to depend on their relationship with the animal and also on the social motivation of that animal, which both vary during its life. We recommend study of the ontogeny of awareness using the model of social influences. |
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Equine Behaviour Team @ birgit.flauger @ |
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4326 |
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Zohary, D.; Tchernov, E.; Horwitz, L.K. |
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The role of unconscious selection in the domestication of sheep and goats |
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1998 |
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J Zool |
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245 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Zohary1998 |
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6240 |
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Whiten, A. |
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Imitation of the sequential structure of actions by chimpanzees |
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1998 |
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J Comp Psychol |
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11 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Whiten1998 |
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6291 |
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Animal Acoustic Communication: Sound Analysis and Research Methods |
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1998 |
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Springer |
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Berlin |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ ref56 |
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6497 |
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Peters, G.; Tembrock, G. |
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Subharmonics, biphonation, and deterministic chaos in mammal vocalizations |
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1998 |
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Bioacoustics |
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9 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Peters1998 |
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6483 |
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Gese, E.M.; Ruff, R.L. |
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Howling by coyotes (Canis latrans): variation among social classes, seasons, and pack sizes |
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1998 |
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Can J Zool |
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76 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Gese1998 |
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6462 |
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