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	Author	Foster, T.M.; Temple, W.; Cameron, B.; Poling, A.
	Title	Demand curves for food in hens: Similarity under fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio schedules			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	39	Issue	2	Pages	177-185
	Keywords	Progressive-ratio schedule; Fixed-ratio schedule; Demand curves; Behavioral economics; Animal welfare; Keypecking; Chickens
	Abstract	Demand curves were generated for five domestic hens under progressive-ratio 5 schedules of food delivery and under fixed-ratio schedules of food delivery that began at fixed-ratio 5 and were incremented by 5 each session. All sessions ended after 10 consecutive minutes without a response. Although response rates at a given ratio were higher under the progressive-ratio schedule, all hens completed higher ratios under the fixed-ratio schedule. Similar, but not identical, demand curves were generated under progressive-ratio and fixed-ratio schedules. Under both schedules, consumption (reinforcers earned) decreased as cost (ratio size) increased. Data generally were well described by an equation in which elasticity of demand is constant, although an equation in which elasticity could vary accounted for slightly more of the variance.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3603
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	Author	Holmstrom, M.; Drevemo, S.
	Title	Effects of trot quality and collection on the angular velocity in the hindlimbs of riding horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J Suppl
	Volume		Issue	23	Pages	62-65
	Keywords	Animals; Femur/physiology; Gait/physiology; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/physiology; Locomotion/physiology; Male; Movement/physiology; Statistics; Time Factors
	Abstract	The angular velocities of the hindlimb angles of 14 horses, including 6 Grand Prix dressage horses, 4 horses judged as good at the trot and 4 horses judged as poor, were analysed. The horse material was the same as previously used by Holmstrom (1994) in studies on conformation and trotting gaits in the Swedish Warmblood riding horse. Four consecutive strides of each horse and the corresponding pace were analysed and mean velocity curves (Xh) for each angle were calculated. Before calculation the data were filtered forwards and backwards with a Butterworth third order filter with a cut off frequency of 60 Hz. During the last 60% of the stance phase there were differences between the horses judged as good and poor at the trot in all the analysed hindlimb angles except the femur inclination. The angular velocity in the hock joint, pelvis inclination and hindlimb pendulation was larger in the good horses. The angular velocity of the hindlimb pendulation decreased with collection in the Grand Prix horses. During parts of the stance phase, there was also a gradual decrease in the femur angular velocity from trot at hand to piaffe. In the hock joint, there was no difference in angular velocity between trot at hand and passage during the last 30%. The higher compression of the hock angle and pelvic angle to the horizontal plane probably reflects a higher compression of the whole hindlimb. It probably contributes to the greater springiness in the movements of good young horses and Grand Prix dressage horses. The results from the present study confirmed the importance of storing elastic strain energy for the quality of the dressage horse gaits.
	Address	Dept. of Anatomy and Histology, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9354292			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3736
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	Author	Burns, T.E.; Clayton, H.M.
	Title	Comparison of the temporal kinematics of the canter pirouette and collected canter			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J Suppl
	Volume		Issue	23	Pages	58-61
	Keywords	Animals; Forelimb/physiology; Gait/physiology; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/physiology; Locomotion/*physiology; Movement/physiology; Time Factors; Videotape Recording; Walking/physiology
	Abstract	The objectives were to compare the temporal characteristics of canter pirouette strides with collected canter strides in elite dressage horses, and to determine whether the stride kinematics of the canter pirouettes fulfilled the requirements specified in the Federation Equestre Internationale Rules for Dressage Events. Eleven horses were videotaped (60 fields/s) during the individual medal competition at the 1992 Olympic Games. Temporal variables were extracted from the videotapes using standard methods. Two strides were analysed on each of the left and right leads and these were pooled to give mean values for the collected canter and the pirouettes. The pirouettes were completed in 4-9 strides, (mean of 6.4). In the collected canter strides, mean duration of the suspension was 0.013 s. There was no suspension in any of the pirouette strides, instead the stance phases of the leading forelimb and trailing hindlimb overlapped by a mean of 0.163 s. In 9 horses the trailing forelimb contacted the ground before the diagonal leading hindlimb in the collected canter, whereas in the pirouettes the leading hindlimb always made contact before the trailing forelimb (mean dissociation 0.164 s), giving the strides a distinct 4 beat rhythm. Due to increases in advanced placement between the diagonal limb pair and between the 2 forelimbs, the stride duration was longer in the pirouette (0.879 s) than the collected canter (0.629 s). It is concluded that the canter pirouette strides did not maintain the rhythm and timing of the the collected canter strides in any of the 11 horses.
	Address	Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	PMID:9354291			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3737
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	Author	Clayton, H.M.
	Title	Classification of collected trot, passage and piaffe based on temporal variables			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J Suppl
	Volume		Issue	23	Pages	54-57
	Keywords	Analysis of Variance; Animals; Discriminant Analysis; Gait/physiology; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/physiology; Locomotion/*physiology; Male; Running/physiology; Time Factors; Videotape Recording; Walking/physiology
	Abstract	The objective was to determine whether collected trot, passage and piaffe could be distinguished as separate gaits on the basis of temporal variables. Sagittal plane, 60 Hz videotapes of 10 finalists in the dressage competitions at the 1992 Olympic Games were analysed to measure the temporal variables in absolute terms and as percentages of stride duration. Classification was based on analysis of variance, a graphical method and discriminant analysis. Stride duration was sufficient to distinguish collected trot from passage and piaffe in all horses. The analysis of variance showed that the mean values of most variables differed significantly between passage and piaffe. When hindlimb stance percentage was plotted against diagonal advanced placement percentage, some overlap was found between all 3 movements indicating that individual horses could not be classified reliably in this manner. Using hindlimb stance percentage and diagonal advanced placement percentage as input in a discriminant analysis, 80% of the cases were classified correctly, but at least one horse was misclassified in each movement. When the absolute, rather than percentage, values of the 2 variables were used as input in the discriminant analysis, 90% of the cases were correctly classified and the only misclassifications were between passage and piaffe. However, the 2 horses in which piaffe was misclassified as passage were the gold and silver medallists. In general, higher placed horses tended toward longer diagonal advanced placements, especially in collected trot and passage, and shorter hindlimb stance percentages in passage and piaffe.
	Address	Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	PMID:9354290			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3738
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	Author	Gibson, K.T.; Burbidge, H.M.; Anderson, B.H.
	Title	Tendonitis of the branches of insertion of the superficial digital flexor tendon in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Australian Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Aust Vet J
	Volume	75	Issue	4	Pages	253-256
	Keywords	Animals; Carpus, Animal/pathology/physiopathology/ultrasonography; Horse Diseases/diagnosis/pathology/ultrasonography; Horses; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Tendinopathy/diagnosis/pathology/veterinary; Tendon Injuries/diagnosis/pathology/veterinary; Tendons/pathology/physiopathology/ultrasonography; Ultrasonography/methods/veterinary
	Abstract	OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical findings, ultrasonographic features and outcome of injury to the branches of insertion of the superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon in horses. DESIGN: Retrospective study of 14 cases. PROCEDURE: Fourteen Thoroughbred horses with tendonitis affecting the branches of insertion of the SDF tendon were examined for lameness, location and amount of swelling, and the presence of other musculoskeletal abnormalities. The flexor tendons were assessed by ultrasonographic examination, and recommendations were made for management of the cases. Outcome was assessed by re-examination of some horses, direct communication with the owner or trainer, and examination of race records. RESULTS: The lateral SDF branch was affected in 10 horses; the medial branch in three, and both branches in one horse. Two horses had concurrent injuries to the SDF tendon in the metacarpal region of the contralateral limb. Ultrasonographic findings included swelling of the affected SDF branch, peritendinous fluid accumulation, disruption of normal fibre alignment on sagittal scan, and variable loss of echogenicity. As healing occurred, there was return of normal echogenicity, but normal fibre alignment did not return completely and apparent adhesions formed between the affected SDF branch and adjacent structures. Seven of 10 horses which returned to their previous use were able to compete without further tendon injury. Recurrence of injury occurred in one case, and another two horses developed tendonitis in the metacarpal region. One horse was retired from racing but was able to compete at dressage without recurrence of injury. Two horses were retired for breeding without returning to training, and one horse was sold and lost to follow up but did not race. CONCLUSION: The prognosis is fair for return to previous use following injury to the branches of insertion of the SDF tendon in athletic horses.
	Address	Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0005-0423	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9140649			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3739
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	Author	Barrey, E.; Galloux, P.
	Title	Analysis of the equine jumping technique by accelerometry			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J Suppl
	Volume		Issue	23	Pages	45-49
	Keywords	Acceleration; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Forelimb/physiology; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/physiology; Locomotion/*physiology; Movement/physiology; Time Factors
	Abstract	The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the relationships between jumping technique and dorsoventral acceleration measured at the sternum. Eight saddle horses of various jumping abilities competed on a selective experimental show jumping course including 14 obstacles. An accelerometric belt fastened onto the thorax continuously measured the dorsoventral acceleration during the course. At each jump, 11 locomotor parameters (acceleration peaks, durations and stride frequency) were obtained from the dorsoventral acceleration-time curves. The type of obstacle significantly influenced the hindlimb acceleration peak at take-off and the landing acceleration peak (P<0.01). The poor jumpers exhibited a higher mean forelimb acceleration peak at take-off, a higher forelimb/hindlimb ratio between peaks of acceleration (F/H), and a lower approach stride frequency than good jumpers. Knocking over an obstacle was significantly associated with a low hindlimb acceleration peak at take-off and a high F/H ratio (P<0.01). In order to observe the continuous changes in the frequency domain of the dorsoventral acceleration during the approach and take-off phase, a Morlet's wavelet analysis was computed for each horse jumping over a series of 3 vertical obstacles. Different patterns of time-frequency images obtained by wavelet analysis were found when the horse either knocked over a vertical obstacle or cleared it. In the latter case, the image pattern showed an instantaneous increase in stride frequency at the end of the approach phase, and a marked energy content in the middle frequency range at take-off.
	Address	INRA Station de Genetique Quantitative et Appliquee, Groupe cheval, Jouy-en-Josas, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9354288			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3796
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	Author	Galloux, P.; Barrey, E.
	Title	Components of the total kinetic moment in jumping horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J Suppl
	Volume		Issue	23	Pages	41-44
	Keywords	Algorithms; Animals; Exertion/physiology; Female; Gravitation; Horses/physiology; Kinetics; Locomotion/physiology; Male; Models, Biological; Movement/physiology; Video Recording
	Abstract	Thirty horses were filmed with a panning camera operating at 50 frames/s as they jumped over a 1.20 x 1.20 m fence. The markers of 9 joints on the horse and 7 joints on the rider were tracked in 2D with the TrackEye system. The centre of gravity and moment of inertia of each segment were calculated using a geometric algorithm and a cylindric model, respectively. The kinetic moment of each part of the horse was calculated after filtering, and resampling of data. This method showed the relative contribution of each body segment to the body overall rotation during the take-off, jump and landing phases. It was found that the trunk, hindlimbs and head-neck had the greatest influence. The coordination between the motion of the body segments allowed the horse to control its angular speed of rotation over the fence. This remained nearly constant during the airborne phase (120 +/- 5 degrees/s). During the airborne phase, the kinetic moment was constant because its value was equal to the moment of the external forces (722 +/- 125 kg x m2/s).
	Address	Ecole Nationale d'Equitation, Terrefort, Saumur, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9354287			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3797
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	Author	Szenci, O.; Palme, R.; Taverne, M.A.; Varga, J.; Meersma, N.; Wissink, E.
	Title	Evaluation of false ultrasonographic pregnancy diagnoses in sows by measuring the concentration of unconjugated estrogens in feces			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Theriogenology	Abbreviated Journal	Theriogenology
	Volume	48	Issue	5	Pages	873-882
	Keywords
	Abstract	On Days 26, 28, and 30 after AI, ultrasonographic pregnancy diagnoses were performed on 207 gilts and sows by using a 3.5 MHz linear-array transducer. Fecal samples were taken from the rectum after each ultrasonographic examination, and the concentrations of unconjugated estrogens in selected samples (n = 73) were measured by RIA. Fecal unconjugated estrogen concentration of 11.7 ng/g feces or higher was indicative of pregnancy. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the ultrasonographic test was 99% for farrowing sows and 73.1% for nonfarrowing sows. With one exception, sows with a false negative diagnosis by ultrasonography on Day 26 were correctly diagnosed pregnant by elevated fecal unconjugated estrogens or repeated ultrasonographic examinations on Days 28 or 30. Return to estrus around the sampling period may cause false positive results in the unconjugated estrogen assay, while early embryonic mortality can result in false positive diagnoses in both the ultrasonographic test and estrogen assay. Although there was a positive correlation between the concentrations of unconjugated estrogens in the feces and litter size at farrowing in the selected sows, it seems very unlikely that fecal estrogens can provide an accurate tool for predicting litter size.
	Address	University of Veterinary Science, Department of Obstetrics and Reproduction H-1400 Budapest, P.O. Box 2, Hungary
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0093-691X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16728179			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4077
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	Author	Darwin , Charles
	Title	The Descent of Man; Reprint edition			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1997	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Prometheus Books;	Place of Publication	Amherst, New York	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-1573921763	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4095
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	Author	Gallup, G.G.J.
	Title	On the rise and fall of self-conception in primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
	Volume	818	Issue		Pages	72-82
	Keywords	Animals; Phylogeny; Primates/psychology; Self Concept
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Albany 12222, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9237466			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4134
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