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Goodwin, D. (2007). Equine learning behaviour: What we know, what we don't and future research priorities. Behav. Process., 76, 17–19.
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Linklater, W. L. (2007). Equine learning in a wider context--Opportunities for integrative pluralism. Behav. Process., 76, 53–56.
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Lefebvre, L. (1995). Ecological correlates of social learning: problems and solutions for the comparative method. Behav. Process., 35(1-3), 163–171.
Abstract: Interspecific variation in learning and cognition is often accounted for by adaptive specialization, an ecological framework where variation between species in the environmental problems they face is thought to select for quantitatively and/or qualitatively different abilities. Adaptive specialization theory relies on the comparative method for testing its hypotheses and assumes a naturally selected basis for the predicted differences. This review examines social learning as a specialization to group-living and scramble feeding competition. It points out one important problem with current studies in the area, the lack of quantitative controls for confounding variables that may cause type 1 or 2 error in comparative tests. A linear regression technique is proposed to measure and remove interspecific differences on control tests for which there is no predicted adaptive specialization; as in other areas of comparative biology, the adaptive prediction is then made on the residual deviation from the regression of these confounding variables. Examples are given from research on opportunistic Columbids, the group-living feral pigeon Columbia livia, and the territorial Zenaida dove, Zenaida aurita.
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Macuda, T., & Timney, B. (1999). Luminance and chromatic discrimination in the horse (Equus caballus). Behav. Process., 44(3), 301–307.
Abstract: Equine colour vision was measured under conditions that minimised the possibility of animals using brightness cues to make chromatic discriminations. In a two-stage study, we first obtained luminance discrimination functions for achromatic targets then tested for chromatic discrimination over a range of target luminances. Horses were trained on a two-choice discrimination task. The positive stimulus was varied in luminance and/or colour using neutral density and broad band colour filters. The negative stimulus appeared as a uniform grey. In the brightness discrimination task, the horses performed well at large luminance differences but their percentage of correct responses declined to near chance levels at differences of less than 0.2 log units. In addition, a decrement in performance was noted at luminance differences of less than 0.2 log units for green and yellow chromatic discrimination functions, suggesting that horses cannot easily discriminate yellow and green from grey. However, the chromatic discrimination functions for red and blue showed that animals performed very well across the full range of target luminances. These results suggest that horses are at least dichromats.
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Gärdenfors P. (1995). Cued and detached representations in animal cognition. Behav. Process., 35, 263–273.
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Beer C.G. (1995). Trial and error in the evolution of cognition. Behav. Process., 35, 215–224.
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Sutton J.E., & Roberts W.A. (1998). Do pigeons show incidental timing? Some experiments and a suggested hierarchical framework for the study of attention in animal cognition. Behav. Process., 44, 263–275.
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Mercado E., Killebrew D.A., Pack A.A., Macha I.V.B., & Herman L.M. (2000). Generalization of 'same-different' classification abilities in bottlenosed dolphins. Behav. Process., 50, 79–94.
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Desire L., Boissy A., & Veissier I. (2002). Emotions in farm animals: – a new approach to animal welfare in applied ethology. Behav. Process., 60, 165–180.
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Levin, L. E. (1996). Passage order through different pathways in groups of schooling fish, and the diversified leadership hypothesis. Behav. Process., 37(1), 1–8.
Abstract: The diversified leadership hypothesis proposes that different individuals within a school of fish act as leaders in different circumstances. This `circumstantial leadership' results from inter-individual behavioral variability and a `cohesion-dispersion' tendency modulated by `failure-success' contingencies. The hypothesis predicts that when offered different pathways to escape the restriction of their swimming space, individuals within a group of fish will show 1. (a) consistent passage orders in each pathway, but2. (b) different passage orders in different pathways. Using an avoidance paddle and three different groups of fish (Aphyocharax erithrurus) the results confirmed prediction 1. (a) while prediction2. (b) was verified only in one group.
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