| Records |
| Author |
Povinelli DJ |
| Title |
Monkeys, apes, mirrors and minds: the evolution of self-awareness in primates |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1987 |
Publication |
J. Hum. Evol. |
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| Volume |
2 |
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Pages |
493 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3025 |
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| Author |
Tomasello, M.; Davis-Dasilva, M.; Camak, L.; Bard, K. |
| Title |
Observational learning of tool-use by young chimpanzees |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1987 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Human Evolution |
| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
175-183 |
| Keywords |
Chimpanzees; Observational Learning; Tool-Use |
| Abstract |
In the current study two groups of young chimpanzees (4–6 and 8–9 years old) were given a T-bar and a food item that could only be reached by using the T-bar. Experimental subjects were given the opportunity to observe an adult using the stick as a tool to obtain the food; control subjects were exposed to the adult but were given no demonstration. Subjects in the older group did not learn to use the tool. Subjects in the younger group who were exposed to the demonstrator learned to use the stick as a tool much more readily than those who were not. None of the subjects demonstrated an ability to imitatively copy the demonstrator's precise behavioral strategies. More than simple stimulus enhancement was involved, however, since both groups manipulated the T-bar, but only experimental subjects used it in its function as a tool. Our findings complement naturalistic observations in suggesting that chimpanzee tool-use is in some sense «culturally transmitted» — though perhaps not in the same sense as social-conventional behaviors for which precise copying of conspecifics is crucial. |
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Kluwer Academic Publishers |
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English |
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0393-9375 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5915 |
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| Author |
Illius,A. W.; Gordon, I. J. |
| Title |
The Allometry of Food Intake in Grazing Ruminants |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1987 |
Publication |
The Journal of Animal Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
T. J. Anim. Ecol. |
| Volume |
56 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
989-999 |
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| Abstract |
A simulation model of grazing mechanics in ruminants shows that, due to the allometric relations of bite size and metabolic requirements to body size, small animals are able to subsist on shorter swards than large animals. (2) The density of nutrients in the grazed horizon of the modelled swards markedly affected the ability of animals of a given body size to satisfy their energy requirements. (3) By extension, the allometric relationships would be expected to apply in selective grazing and browsing species in their choice of food items of different size and nutrient content. (4) The results support the argument that sexual segregation and habitat choice of dimorphic species is an effect of scramble competition for limited resources, the males thus being excluded from mutually preferred swards. (5) The model provides an explanation for two interspecific phenomena amongst grazers: grazing succession and grazing facilitation. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4265 |
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| Author |
Scheunert, A. Trautmann, A. |
| Title |
Lehrbuch der Veterinär-Physiologie. |
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Book Whole |
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1987 |
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Parey |
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Berlin |
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978-3489662167 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4441 |
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| Author |
Huntingford, F.; Turner, A. |
| Title |
Animal Conflict |
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Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1987 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4850 |
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| Author |
Walters, J.R.; Seyfarth, R.M. |
| Title |
Primate Societies |
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Miscellaneous |
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1987 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4858 |
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| Author |
Brown, J.L. |
| Title |
Helping and Communal Breeding in Birds |
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Miscellaneous |
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1987 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4907 |
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| Author |
Hunte, W.; Horrocks, J.A. |
| Title |
Kin and non-kin interventions in the aggressive disputes of vervet monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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20 |
Issue |
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Pages |
257-263 |
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Interventions in aggressive disputes were investigated in a free-living troop of vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) in Barbados. Interventions on behalf of kin were more frequent than on behalf of non-kin. Both types of interventions were more likely when the intervening animal outranked the opponent; presumably because retaliation probability, and hence cost of intervening, is low against low ranking opponents. The number of interventions given on behalf of both kin and non-kin increased with the number of disputes in which they were involved. In contrast to kin interventions, the number of interventions given on behalf of non-kin was correlated with that received by non-kin, suggesting that reciprocation is a necessary component of non-kin interventions. Non-kin interventions were more likely when the recipient outranked the opponent, presumably because reciprocation probability is high. Pairs of non-kin form structured reciprocal relationships based on the proportion of interventions allocated to each other, and most non-kin interventions flowed through these relationships. Males intervened on behalf of non-kin more frequently than did females. The implications of the results for the evolution of kin and reciprocal altruism were discussed. |
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10.1007/Bf00292178 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4927 |
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| Author |
Wasserman, S. |
| Title |
Conformity of two sociometric relations |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Psychometrika |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychometrika |
| Volume |
52 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
3-18 |
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Abstract The problem of comparing two sociometric relations or measurements (A andB) recorded in distinct sociomatrices was originally discussed by Katz and Powell in the early 1950's and Hubert and Baker in the late 1970's. The problem is considered again using a probabilistic model designed specifically for discrete-valued network measurements. The model allows for the presence of various structural tendencies, such as reciprocity and differential popularity. A parameter that isolates the tendency for actors to choose other actors on both relations simultaneously is introduced, and estimated conditional on the presence of other parameters that reflect additional important network properties. The parameter is presented as a symmetric index but is also generalized to the predictive (A onB orB onA) situation. This approach to the problem is illustrated with the same data used by the earlier solutions, and the unique nature of the two relations in the data set (A = received choices,B = perceived choices), as it affects the modeling, is discussed. Significance tests for the parameter and related parameters are described, as well as an extension to more than two relations. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5027 |
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| Author |
Giraldeau, L.-A.; Lefebvre, L. |
| Title |
Scrounging prevents cultural transmission of food-finding behaviour in pigeons |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
35 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
387-394 |
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Living in groups should promote the cultural transmission of a novel behaviour because opportunities for observing knowledgeable individuals are likely to be more numerous in this condition. However, in this study pigeons who shared the food discoveries of others (scroungers) did not learn the food-finding technique used by the discoverers (producers). Individually-caged pigeons prevented from scrounging easily learned the technique from a conspecific tutor. When caged pigeons obtained food from the tutor's performance, most naïve observers failed to learn. In a flock, scroungers selectively followed producers. In individual cages, scrounging during the tutor's demonstration was equivalent to getting no demonstration at all. This effect of scrounging did not interfere with subsequent acquisition of the food-finding behaviour when scrounging was no longer possible. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5265 |
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