| Records |
| Author |
Fehr, E.; Gachter, S. |
| Title |
Altruistic punishment in humans |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
415 |
Issue |
6868 |
Pages |
137-140 |
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| Abstract |
Human cooperation is an evolutionary puzzle. Unlike other creatures, people frequently cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers, often in large groups, with people they will never meet again, and when reputation gains are small or absent. These patterns of cooperation cannot be explained by the nepotistic motives associated with the evolutionary theory of kin selection and the selfish motives associated with signalling theory or the theory of reciprocal altruism. Here we show experimentally that the altruistic punishment of defectors is a key motive for the explanation of cooperation. Altruistic punishment means that individuals punish, although the punishment is costly for them and yields no material gain. We show that cooperation flourishes if altruistic punishment is possible, and breaks down if it is ruled out. The evidence indicates that negative emotions towards defectors are the proximate mechanism behind altruistic punishment. These results suggest that future study of the evolution of human cooperation should include a strong focus on explaining altruistic punishment. |
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0028-0836 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4835 |
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| Author |
Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Parker, G.A. |
| Title |
Punishment in animal societies |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
373 |
Issue |
6511 |
Pages |
209-216 |
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| Abstract |
Although positive reciprocity (reciprocal altruism) has been a focus of interest in evolutionary biology, negative reciprocity (retaliatory infliction of fitness reduction) has been largely ignored. In social animals, retaliatory aggression is common, individuals often punish other group members that infringe their interests, and punishment can cause subordinates to desist from behaviour likely to reduce the fitness of dominant animals. Punishing strategies are used to establish and maintain dominance relationships, to discourage parasites and cheats, to discipline offspring or prospective sexual partners and to maintain cooperative behaviour. |
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10.1038/373209a0 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4838 |
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| Author |
Packer, C. |
| Title |
Reciprocal altruism in Papio anubis |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
265 |
Issue |
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Pages |
441-445 |
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10.1038/265441a0 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4840 |
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| Author |
Nowak, M.A.; Sigmund, K. |
| Title |
Tit for tat in heterogeneous populations |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
355 |
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Pages |
250-253 |
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10.1038/355250a0 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4842 |
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| Author |
Maynard Smith, J.; Price, G.R. |
| Title |
The Logic of Animal Conflict |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1973 |
Publication |
Nature |
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Nature |
| Volume |
246 |
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Pages |
15-18 |
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| Notes |
10.1038/246015a0 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4844 |
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| Author |
Hamilton, W.D. |
| Title |
Selfish and Spiteful Behaviour in an Evolutionary Model |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1970 |
Publication |
Nature |
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Nature |
| Volume |
228 |
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1218-1220 |
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10.1038/2281218a0 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4853 |
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| Author |
Reeve, H.K. |
| Title |
Queen activation of lazy workers in colonies of the eusocial naked mole-rat |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
358 |
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Pages |
147-149 |
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| Notes |
10.1038/358147a0 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4921 |
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| Author |
Foster, K.R.; Ratnieks, F.L.W. |
| Title |
Social insects: Facultative worker policing in a wasp |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
407 |
Issue |
6805 |
Pages |
692-693 |
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Kin-selection theory predicts that in social-insect colonies where the queen has mated multiple times, the workers will enforce cooperation by policing each other's reproduction1, 2, 3, 4. We have discovered a species, the wasp Dolichovespula saxonica, in which some queens mate once and others mate many times, and in which workers frequently attempt reproduction, allowing this prediction to be tested directly. We find that multiple mating by the queen leads to mutual policing by workers, whereas single mating does not. |
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Macmillan Magazines Ltd. |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/35037665 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4940 |
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| Author |
Harrison, S.A.; Tong, F. |
| Title |
Decoding reveals the contents of visual working memory in early visual areas |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
458 |
Issue |
7238 |
Pages |
632-635 |
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Visual working memory provides an essential link between perception and higher cognitive functions, allowing for the active maintenance of information about stimuli no longer in view1, 2. Research suggests that sustained activity in higher-order prefrontal, parietal, inferotemporal and lateral occipital areas supports visual maintenance3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and may account for the limited capacity of working memory to hold up to 3–4 items9, 10, 11. Because higher-order areas lack the visual selectivity of early sensory areas, it has remained unclear how observers can remember specific visual features, such as the precise orientation of a grating, with minimal decay in performance over delays of many seconds12. One proposal is that sensory areas serve to maintain fine-tuned feature information13, but early visual areas show little to no sustained activity over prolonged delays14, 15, 16. Here we show that orientations held in working memory can be decoded from activity patterns in the human visual cortex, even when overall levels of activity are low. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and pattern classification methods, we found that activity patterns in visual areas V1–V4 could predict which of two oriented gratings was held in memory with mean accuracy levels upwards of 80%, even in participants whose activity fell to baseline levels after a prolonged delay. These orientation-selective activity patterns were sustained throughout the delay period, evident in individual visual areas, and similar to the responses evoked by unattended, task-irrelevant gratings. Our results demonstrate that early visual areas can retain specific information about visual features held in working memory, over periods of many seconds when no physical stimulus is present. |
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Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved |
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0028-0836 |
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| Notes |
10.1038/nature07832 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4944 |
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| Author |
Watts, D.J.; Strogatz, S.H. |
| Title |
Collective dynamics of /`small-world/' networks |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
393 |
Issue |
6684 |
Pages |
440-442 |
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Networks of coupled dynamical systems have been used to model biological oscillators Josephson junction arrays excitable media, neural networks spatial games11, genetic control networks12 and many other self-organizing systems. Ordinarily, the connection topology is assumed to be either completely regular or completely random. But many biological, technological and social networks lie somewhere between these two extremes. Here we explore simple models of networks that can be tuned through this middle ground: regular networks 'rewired' to introduce increasing amounts of disorder. We find that these systems can be highly clustered, like regular lattices, yet have small characteristic path lengths, like random graphs. We call them 'small-world' networks, by analogy with the small-world phenomenon (popularly known as six degrees of separation). The neural network of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the power grid of the western United States, and the collaboration graph of film actors are shown to be small-world networks. Models of dynamical systems with small-world coupling display enhanced signal-propagation speed, computational power, and synchronizability. In particular, infectious diseases spread more easily in small-world networks than in regular lattices. |
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0028-0836 |
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| Notes |
10.1038/30918 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4989 |
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