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| Author |
Edwards, P. J.; Hollis, S. |
| Title |
The Distribution of Excreta on New Forest Grassland Used by Cattle, Ponies and Deer |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1982 |
Publication |
The Journal of Applied Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Appl Ecol |
| Volume |
19 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
953-964 |
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| Abstract |
(1) The distribution of excreta on areas of reseeded grassland in the New Forest used by free-ranging cattle, ponies and fallow deer was shown to be non-random. Distinct latrine areas were recognized where the faeces of all three herbivore species were concentrated, and where the majority of urinations occurred. The mosaic of latrine and non-latrine areas can be detected in aerial photographs in which non-latrine areas appear as light-grey patches set in a matrix of the dark grey latrine areas. During the 3 years of the study the position of the mosaic proved to be relatively stable. (2) The latrine areas were characterized by an uneven sward about 50 mm tall with abundant thistles (Cirsium spp.) and ragwort (Senecio jacobaea). Non-latrine areas had an even and very closely cropped sward between 10 and 20 mm tall. Soil chemical analysis of the two kinds of area revealed significantly higher levels of exchangeable potassium in latrine areas, and on one site significantly higher levels of magnesium and organic matter. No significant differences were detected in soil reaction, nor in phosphorus or calcium levels. (3) Observations of grazing animals revealed a tendency, at all times of year, for ponies to avoid grazing in latrine areas. In winter and spring this tendency was very slight, but from midsummer until late autumn a substantial majority of grazing ponies were to be found in non-latrine areas. In contrast, only 2% of the cattle observations made over a period of 20 months were of animals grazing in non-latrine areas. (4) The standing crop of dung and the rate of dung production on the two kinds of area were monitored for 12 months on one lawn. The amount of pony dung produced on non-latrine areas was only 16.5% of that in latrine areas, while for cattle the corresponding value was 28.7%. It is argued that the observed pattern has been created by selective grazing and eliminatory behaviour of the ponies, and that the excreta of cattle and deer are largely confined to pony latrine areas because these animals are unable to graze the very short herbage of non-latrine areas. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2287 |
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Klimov, V.; Orlov, V.M. |
| Title |
Current status and problems of conservation of Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii). |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1982 |
Publication |
J. Zool., London |
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J. Zool., London |
| Volume |
61 |
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12 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2329 |
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Lenarz, M.S. |
| Title |
Habitat partitioning in feral horses: the value of being dominant |
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| Year |
1982 |
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University of Chicago |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2340 |
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Lobanov, N.V. |
| Title |
Askania-Nova, A 3rd Reservate in the USSR for the breeding of Equus hemionus kulan. |
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1982 |
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Zoologichesky Zhurnal |
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61 |
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12 |
Pages |
1856-1861 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2341 |
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Alexander, D.J. |
| Title |
Ecological aspects of influenza A viruses in animals and their relationship to human influenza: a review |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |
Abbreviated Journal |
J R Soc Med |
| Volume |
75 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
799-811 |
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Animals; *Animals, Domestic; Bird Diseases/transmission; Birds; Disease Outbreaks; Ecology; Horse Diseases/transmission; Horses; Humans; Influenza A virus/genetics/isolation & purification; Influenza, Human/microbiology/*transmission/veterinary; Swine; Swine Diseases/transmission; Zoonoses/transmission |
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0141-0768 |
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PMID:6752410 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2689 |
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| Author |
Strickman, D. |
| Title |
Notes on Tabanidae (Diptera) from Paraguay |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Journal of Medical Entomology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Med Entomol |
| Volume |
19 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
399-402 |
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Animals; Cattle; Diptera/*growth & development; Dogs; Ecology; Female; Geography; Horses; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings/epidemiology/veterinary; Male; Paraguay |
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0022-2585 |
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PMID:7154018 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2690 |
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Hinson, R.E. |
| Title |
Effects of UCS preexposure on excitatory and inhibitory rabbit eyelid conditioning: an associative effect of conditioned contextual stimuli |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
8 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
49-61 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Association Learning; Cognition; *Conditioning, Eyelid; *Inhibition (Psychology); Practice (Psychology); Rabbits; Reaction Time |
| Abstract |
Preconditioning experience with the unconditional stimulus (UCS) retards subsequent excitatory conditioning. Three experiments demonstrated that this UCS retardation effect is attenuated by associative manipulations of contextual stimuli of the UCS preexposure environment. The UCS retardation effect was reduced by (a) altering contextual stimuli between preexposure and conditioning (Experiment 1), (b) latently inhibiting contextual stimuli prior to UCS preexposure (Experiment 2), and (c) extinguishing contextual stimuli subsequent to UCS preexposure (Experiment 3). Although UCS preexposure retarded excitatory conditioning, the results of Experiment 4 demonstrated that UCS preexposure facilitated inhibitory conditioning. These results indicate that an association between contextual stimuli and the preexposed UCS contributes to the effects of preconditioning UCS experience on subsequent learning. |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:7057144 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2787 |
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| Author |
Galdikas BMF |
| Title |
Orang-utan tool-use in Tanjung Puting Reserve, Central Borneo (Kalimantan Tengah) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1982 |
Publication |
J. Hum. Evol. |
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10 |
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19 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2994 |
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| Author |
Gallup GG |
| Title |
Self-awareness and the emergence of mind in primates |
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Journal Article |
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1982 |
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Am. J. Primatol. |
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2 |
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237 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2998 |
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| Author |
Nishida T; Hiraiwa M |
| Title |
Natural history of tool-using behavior by wild chimpanzees in feeding upon wood-boring ants |
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Journal Article |
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1982 |
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J. Hum. Evol. |
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11 |
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73 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3022 |
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