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| Author | Gardner, A., West, S. A. | ||||
| Title | Cooperation and Punishment, Especially in Humans | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | The American Naturalist | Abbreviated Journal | Americ. Natur. |
| Volume | 164 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 753-764 |
| Keywords | kin selection, neighbor-modulated fitness, repression of | ||||
| Abstract | Explaining altruistic cooperation is one of the greatest challenges faced by sociologists, economists, and evolutionary biologists. The problem is determining why an individual would carry out a costly behavior that benefits another. Possible solutions to this problem include kinship, repeated interactions, and policing. Another solution that has recently received much attention is the threat of punishment. However, punishing behavior is often costly for the punisher, and so it is not immediately clear how costly punishment could evolve. We use a direct (neighbor-modulated) fitness approach to analyze when punishment is favored. This methodology reveals that, contrary to previous suggestions, relatedness between interacting individuals is not crucial to explaining cooperation through punishment. In fact, increasing relatedness directly disfavors punishing behavior. Instead, the crucial factor is a positive correlation between the punishment strategy of an individual and the cooperation it receives. This could arise in several ways, such as when facultative adjustment of behavior leads individuals to cooperate more when interacting with individuals who are more likely to punish. More generally, our results provide a clear example of how the fundamental factor driving the evolution of social traits is a correlation between social partners and how this can arise for reasons other than genealogical kinship. |
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| Address | University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
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refbase @ user @ | Serial | 341 | ||
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| Author | Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. | ||||
| Title | Cognitive strategies and the representation of social relations by monkeys | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation | Abbreviated Journal | Nebr Symp Motiv |
| Volume | 47 | Issue | Pages | 145-177 | |
| Keywords | Adaptation, Biological; Animals; *Evolution; Family; Female; Haplorhini; Male; Memory; Primates; *Selection (Genetics); *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; *Social Perception | ||||
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| Address | University of Pennsylvania, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0146-7875 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:11759347 | Approved | no | ||
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refbase @ user @ | Serial | 345 | ||
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| Author | Dugatkin, L.A.; Mesterton-Gibbons, M. | ||||
| Title | Cooperation among unrelated individuals: reciprocal altruism, by-product mutualism and group selection in fishes | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Biosystems | Abbreviated Journal | Biosystems |
| Volume | 37 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 19-30 |
| Keywords | By-product mutualism; Cooperative behavior; Fish; Reciprocal altruism; Trait-group selection | ||||
| Abstract | Cooperation among unrelated individuals can evolve not only via reciprocal altruism but also via trait-group selection or by-product mutualism (or some combination of all three categories). Therefore the (iterated) prisoner's dilemma is an insufficient paradigm for studying the evolution of cooperation. We replace this game by the cooperator's dilemma, which is more versatile because it enables all three categories of cooperative behavior to be examined within the framework of a single theory. Controlled studies of cooperation among fish provide examples of each category of cooperation. Specifically, we describe reciprocal altruism among simultaneous hermaphrodites that swap egg parcels, group-selected cooperation among fish that inspect dangerous predators and by-product mutualism in the cooperative foraging of coral-reef fish. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
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refbase @ user @ | Serial | 481 | ||
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| Author | Suzuki, Y.; Toquenaga, Y. | ||||
| Title | Effects of information and group structure on evolution of altruism: analysis of two-score model by covariance and contextual analyses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Journal of theoretical biology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Theor. Biol. |
| Volume | 232 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 191-201 |
| Keywords | *Altruism; Analysis of Variance; *Communication; Cooperative Behavior; *Evolution; Game Theory; *Group Structure; Humans; Models, Genetic; Models, Psychological; Selection (Genetics); Trust | ||||
| Abstract | An altruistic individual has to gamble on cooperation to a stranger because it does not know whether the stranger is trustworthy before direct interaction. Nowak and Sigmund (Nature 393 (1998a) 573; J. Theor. Biol. 194 (1998b) 561) presented a new theoretical framework of indirect reciprocal altruism by image scoring game where all individuals are informed about a partner's behavior from its image score without direct interaction. Interestingly, in a simplified version of the image scoring game, the evolutionarily stability condition for altruism became a similar form of Hamilton's rule, i.e. inequality that the probability of getting correct information is more than the ratio of cost to benefit. Since the Hamilton's rule was derived by evolutionarily stable analysis, the evolutionary meaning of the probability of getting correct information has not been clearly examined in terms of kin and group selection. In this study, we applied covariance analysis to the two-score model for deriving the Hamilton's rule. We confirmed that the probability of getting correct information was proportional to the bias of altruistic interactions caused by using information about a partner's image score. The Hamilton's rule was dependent on the number of game bouts even though the information reduced the risk of cooperation to selfish one at the first encounter. In addition, we incorporated group structure to the two-score model to examine whether the probability of getting correct information affect selection for altruism by group selection. We calculated a Hamilton's rule of group selection by contextual analysis. Group selection is very effective when either the probability of getting correct information or that of future interaction, or both are low. The two Hamilton's rules derived by covariance and contextual analyses demonstrated the effects of information and group structure on the evolution of altruism. We inferred that information about a partner's behavior and group structure can produce flexible pathways for the evolution of altruism. | ||||
| Address | Integrative Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Ten-Nou-Dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan. yukari@pe.ies.life.tsukuba.ac.jp | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0022-5193 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15530489 | Approved | no | ||
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refbase @ user @ | Serial | 556 | ||
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| Author | Drent, P.J.; van Oers, K.; van Noordwijk, A.J. | ||||
| Title | Realized heritability of personalities in the great tit (Parus major) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society | Abbreviated Journal | Proc Biol Sci |
| Volume | 270 | Issue | 1510 | Pages | 45-51 |
| Keywords | Aggression; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; *Behavior, Animal; Breeding; Exploratory Behavior; Female; *Heredity; Male; Selection (Genetics); Songbirds/*genetics/*physiology; Variation (Genetics) | ||||
| Abstract | Behaviour under conditions of mild stress shows consistent patterns in all vertebrates: exploratory behaviour, boldness, aggressiveness covary in the same way. The existence of highly consistent individual variation in these behavioural strategies, also referred to as personalities or coping styles, allows us to measure the behaviour under standardized conditions on birds bred in captivity, link the standardized measurements to the behaviour under natural conditions and measure natural selection in the field. We have bred the great tit (Parus major), a classical model species for the study of behaviour under natural conditions, in captivity. Here, we report a realized heritability of 54 +/- 5% for early exploratory behaviour, based on four generations of bi-directional artificial selection. In addition to this, we measured hand-reared juveniles and their wild-caught parents in the laboratory. The heritability found in the mid-offspring-mid-parent regression was significantly different from zero. We have thus established the presence of considerable amounts of genetic variation for personality types in a wild bird. | ||||
| Address | Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands. drent@cto.nioo.knaw.nl | ||||
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| ISSN | 0962-8452 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:12590770 | Approved | no | ||
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refbase @ user @ | Serial | 591 | ||
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| Author | Hare, B.; Plyusnina, I.; Ignacio, N.; Schepina, O.; Stepika, A.; Wrangham, R.; Trut, L. | ||||
| Title | Social cognitive evolution in captive foxes is a correlated by-product of experimental domestication | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Current biology : CB | Abbreviated Journal | Curr Biol |
| Volume | 15 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 226-230 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Animals, Domestic; Cognition/*physiology; *Cues; *Evolution; Foxes/*physiology; *Selection (Genetics); Social Behavior; Species Specificity | ||||
| Abstract | Dogs have an unusual ability for reading human communicative gestures (e.g., pointing) in comparison to either nonhuman primates (including chimpanzees) or wolves . Although this unusual communicative ability seems to have evolved during domestication , it is unclear whether this evolution occurred as a result of direct selection for this ability, as previously hypothesized , or as a correlated by-product of selection against fear and aggression toward humans--as is the case with a number of morphological and physiological changes associated with domestication . We show here that fox kits from an experimental population selectively bred over 45 years to approach humans fearlessly and nonaggressively (i.e., experimentally domesticated) are not only as skillful as dog puppies in using human gestures but are also more skilled than fox kits from a second, control population not bred for tame behavior (critically, neither population of foxes was ever bred or tested for their ability to use human gestures) . These results suggest that sociocognitive evolution has occurred in the experimental foxes, and possibly domestic dogs, as a correlated by-product of selection on systems mediating fear and aggression, and it is likely the observed social cognitive evolution did not require direct selection for improved social cognitive ability. | ||||
| Address | Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. hare@eva.mpg.de | ||||
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| ISSN | 0960-9822 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15694305 | Approved | no | ||
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refbase @ user @ | Serial | 594 | ||
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| Author | Haring, H. | ||||
| Title | Development, level and prospects of the german horse breeding | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Zuechtungskunde | Abbreviated Journal | Zuechtungskunde |
| Volume | 77 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 490-495 |
| Keywords | Breeding program; Breeding/Member association; Change of structure; Estimation of breeding values; Fédération Equestre Nationale (FN)/German Equestrian Federation; Step of selection; Equidae; Equus caballus | ||||
| Abstract | The economic impact of the horses of the Federal Republic of Germany has gone up, the statistic numerals verify obviously that Germany took pride of place in Europe in terms of numbers of riders as well as numbers of horses. Successes of German branded horses let their breeders reach the summit worldwide. The carefully agreed breeding programme connects practical cognitions with those of science and permits the leading breeding areas unobstructed space to set their own priorities. Globalisation and rised demand of customers forces breeding associations towards a far-reaching reorganisation because just large powerful institutions can meet these requirements. An end of this process, which scarcely has just begun, cannot yet be conceivable seen. – Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart. | ||||
| Address | Deutsche Reiterliche Vereinigung e. V., 48229 Warendorf, Germany | ||||
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| ISSN | 00445401 (Issn) | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 21 April 2007; Source: Scopus; Language of Original Document: German; Correspondence Address: Haring, H.; Deutsche Reiterliche Vereinigung e. V. 48229 Warendorf, Germany; email: Hharing@fn-dokr.de | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ | Serial | 791 | ||
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| Author | Dubois, C.; Ricard, A. | ||||
| Title | Efficiency of past selection of the French Sport Horse: Selle Francais breed and suggestions for the future | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Livestock Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 112 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 161-171 |
| Keywords | Horse; Genetic trend; Selection; Jumping | ||||
| Abstract | Parameters of genetic trend of Selle Francais (SF) horse breed were studied from 1974 to 2002 and detailed since 1991 because historical BLUP animal model genetic evaluation for jumping competition was available since 1989. During this period, annual births varied from 6000 to 10,000. The annual genetic trend for show jumping was 0.055 of genetic standard deviation between 1985 and 1995 and 0.096 since 1995 without unfavourable trend for dressage (ΔG = + 0.002) and eventing (ΔG = + 0.011). The three parameters of genetic trend: the selection intensity (i = 1.95 for males, 0.48 for females), the accuracy (r = 0.66 for males, 0.60 for females), and the generation interval (L = 12.0 years for males, 11.5 for females) explained this result. Particularities were: a higher number of progeny for best sires which induced true selection intensity equal to 2.21, a new and important selection on progeny (46% births form sires tested on progeny between 2000 and 2002), a high rate of own performance test in competition for mares (45%) which induced high accuracy of mare pathway. However, demographic possibilities were not reached, the possible selection rate for male (1.5%) and females (49%) should increase genetic gain + 14% and + 11% respectively. The generation interval was too long: a better selection at first stage for males, with equal rapid test on progeny and a shorter period of reproduction, i.e. a higher number of foals per sire, should decrease the relative importance of progeny test and should decrease generation interval. The drop of mares aged more than 10 at first progeny should decrease 1.2 year generation interval without loss on accuracy. If breeders keep the same structure (test of stallion and majority of mares on their own performance), they could add new criteria (conformation, gaits...) in the breeding value estimation for SF and maintain the high genetic trend on jumping. | ||||
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refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3946 | ||
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| Author | Stock, K.F.; Distl, O. | ||||
| Title | Prediction of breeding values for osseous fragments in fetlock and hock joints, deforming arthropathy in hock joints, and pathologic changes in the navicular bones of Hanoverian Warmblood horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Livestock Production Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 92 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 77-94 |
| Keywords | Hanoverian Warmblood horse; Radiological status; Breeding values; Response to selection | ||||
| Abstract | The results of a standardised radiological examination of 5928 Hanoverian Warmblood horses selected for sale at auction were used to predict relative breeding values (RBV) in the 23,662 horses included in the last four generations of the probands' pedigrees. The distribution of the RBV was investigated in the whole four-generation pedigree, in the probands and in those stallions that contributed at least three offspring to the probands. The RBV of the probands' sires were further compared with the officially published performance-based relative breeding values, i.e., total indices dressage (TID) and jumping (TIJ). The sires' level of dressage indices was considerably higher (mean TID=110) than of the jumping indices (mean TIJ=98). Total indices radiographic findings (TIR) were calculated for the sires with varying weighting given to the individual RBV. In each case, this resulted in a mean TIR of 99. Finally, total indices were derived from TIR and TID and/or TIJ in order to develop different selection schemes for all-purpose breeding and for breeding focused on dressage and show jumping. All breeding values under consideration increased by between 1% and 19% when radiographic findings were weighted with between 30% and 60% complementary to the corresponding performance parameters, and when only sires were selected with above average total indices. At the same time, the prevalences of the radiographic findings investigated here were lowered by up to 10% each. When only one radiographic finding was considered at a time, the maximum attainable response to selection was a 16-23% increase in the relative breeding values and a relative decrease in prevalences of radiographic findings of between 31% and 52%. The results of this study indicate that it is possible in horse breeding to consider simultaneously health and performance traits. Medical data should be included in the prediction of breeding values in order to improve the radiological status of today's riding horses. | ||||
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refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3953 | ||
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