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Sol, D.; Duncan, R.P.; Blackburn, T.M.; Cassey, P.; Lefebvre, L. |
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Title |
Big brains, enhanced cognition, and response of birds to novel environments |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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102 |
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15 |
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5460-5465 |
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The widely held hypothesis that enlarged brains have evolved as an adaptation to cope with novel or altered environmental conditions lacks firm empirical support. Here, we test this hypothesis for a major animal group (birds) by examining whether large-brained species show higher survival than small-brained species when introduced to nonnative locations. Using a global database documenting the outcome of >600 introduction events, we confirm that avian species with larger brains, relative to their body mass, tend to be more successful at establishing themselves in novel environments. Moreover, we provide evidence that larger brains help birds respond to novel conditions by enhancing their innovation propensity rather than indirectly through noncognitive mechanisms. These findings provide strong evidence for the hypothesis that enlarged brains function, and hence may have evolved, to deal with changes in the environment. |
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10.1073/pnas.0408145102 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4739 |
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Author |
Mills, D.S.; McDonnell, S. M. (eds) |
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Title |
The Domestic Horse |
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2005 |
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Humans have had a profound influence on the horse since its domestication in the late Neolithic period. Used for transport, labour, food and recreation, horses have become important in many facets of our society. Daniel Mills and Sue McDonnell have produced an exceptional account of our current knowledge of the development and management of the behaviour of the horse, from its wild roots. The Domestic Horse brings together, for the first time, an unrivalled collection of international scientific authors to write on the latest findings concerning the behaviour and welfare of this beautiful animal. Illustrated throughout, The Domestic Horse will appeal to animal scientists, those working with horses in a professional capacity and the owner/enthusiast. It also provides sound complementary reading for animal/equine science courses and veterinary students. |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Camebridge |
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Mills, D.S.; McDonnell, S. M. |
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9780521891134 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4750 |
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Landaeta-Hernández, A. J.; Chenoweth, P. J.; Randles, R.; Littell, R.; Rae, O.; Chase, C. C. |
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Title |
Identifying the social dominance order in a mixed breed herd: a practical methodology |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
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Revista Científica |
Abbreviated Journal |
Revista Científica |
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15 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
148-154 |
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Cattle, behavior, social organization |
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The major objective of this study was to identify a simple and accurate method of assessing differences in female social status. Three methods of estimating dominance value (DV) were compared in beef cows of three breed-types; Angus (A; n=10), Brahman (B; n=10), and Senepol (S; n=10). Cows were equitably assigned to two groups of fifteen each, allocated into separate pastures and containing equal number of animals by breed. Agonistic interactions were recorded for 45 d of study, in two 1 h periods during concentrate feeding using the method of competitive orders winner/loser. Methods of estimating DV included: I) Ratio between individuals dominated and total encountered, II) Ratio between encounters won to total encounters, III) Proportion of individuals dominated to total herdmates. Due to the different level of interactivity evidenced among animals as well as between and within social orders, method III with subsequent arc-sin transformation was considered as the most practical and accurate method for estimating DV and subsequent allocation of cows into a social dominance order. In addition, a breed effect was found on social dominance. Senepol cows obtained greater DV`s (1.24 ± 0.08) than Angus (0.97 ± 0.08; P<0.03) and Brahman cows (0.76 ± 0.08; P<0.005). |
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0798-2259 |
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yes |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4753 |
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Author |
Conradt, L.; Roper, T.J. |
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Title |
Consensus decision making in animals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Trends in Ecology & Evolution (Personal Edition) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends Ecol Evol |
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20 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
449-456 |
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Individual animals routinely face decisions that are crucial to their fitness. In social species, however, many of these decisions need to be made jointly with other group members because the group will split apart unless a consensus is reached. Here, we review empirical and theoretical studies of consensus decision making, and place them in a coherent framework. In particular, we classify consensus decisions according to the degree to which they involve conflict of interest between group members, and whether they involve either local or global communication; we ask, for different categories of consensus decision, who makes the decision, what are the underlying mechanisms, and what are the functional consequences. We conclude that consensus decision making is common in non-human animals, and that cooperation between group members in the decision-making process is likely to be the norm, even when the decision involves significant conflict of interest. |
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Department of Biology and Environmental Science, John Maynard Smith Building, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK, BN1 9QG. L.Conradt@sussex.ac.uk |
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English |
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0169-5347 |
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PMID:16701416 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4802 |
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Author |
Couzin, I.D.; Krause, J.; Franks, N.R.; Levin, S.A. |
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Title |
Effective leadership and decision-making in animal groups on the move |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
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Nature |
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433 |
Issue |
7025 |
Pages |
513-516 |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/nature03236 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4827 |
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Cooper, J.J.; Albentosa, M.J. |
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Behavioural adaptation in the domestic horse: potential role of apparently abnormal responses including stereotypic behaviour |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
Publication |
Livestock Production Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Livest. Prod. Sci. |
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92 |
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2 |
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177-182 |
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Behavioural adaptation; Horse; Stereotypic behaviour |
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Classically, biologists have considered adaptation of behavioural characteristics in terms of long-term functional benefits to the individual, such as survival or reproductive fitness. In captive species, including the domestic horse, this level of explanation is limited, as for the most part, horses are housed in conditions that differ markedly from those in which they evolved. In addition, an individual horse's reproductive fitness is largely determined by man rather than its own behavioural strategies. Perhaps for reasons of this kind, explanations of behavioural adaptation to environmental challenges by domestic animals, including the capacity to learn new responses to these challenges, tend to concentrate on the proximate causes of behaviour. However, understanding the original function of these adaptive responses can help us explain why animals perform apparently novel or functionless activities in certain housing conditions and may help us to appreciate what the animal welfare implications might be. This paper reviews the behavioural adaptation of the domestic horse to captivity and discusses how apparently abnormal behaviour may not only provide a useful practical indicator of specific environmental deficiencies but may also serve the animal as an adaptive response to these deficiencies in an “abnormal” environment. |
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0301-6226 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4829 |
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Author |
Gácsi, M; Györi, B; Miklósi, Á; Virányi, Z; Kubinyi, E; Topál,J; Csányi, V |
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Species-specific differences and similarities in the behavior of hand-raised dog and wolf pups in social situations with humans |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
Publication |
Developmental Psychobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Dev Psychobiol |
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47 |
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2 |
Pages |
111-122 |
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hand-raising • domestication • inborn social preferences • communicative signals • dog • wolf |
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In order to reveal early species-specific differences, we observed the behavior of dog puppies (n = 11) and wolf pups (n = 13) hand raised and intensively socialized in an identical way. The pups were studied in two object-preference tests at age 3, 4, and 5 weeks. After a short isolation, we observed the subjects' behavior in the presence of a pair of objects, one was always the subject's human foster parent (caregiver) and the other was varied; nursing bottle (3 weeks), unfamiliar adult dog (3 and 5 weeks), unfamiliar experimenter (4 and 5 weeks), and familiar conspecific age mate (4 weeks). Dogs and wolves did not differ in their general activity level during the tests. Wolf pups showed preference for the proximity of the caregiver in two of the tests; Bottle-Caregiver at the age of 3 weeks and Experimenter-Caregiver at the age of 5 weeks, while dogs showed preference to the caregiver in three tests; conspecific Pup-Caregiver and Experimenter-Caregiver at the age of 4 weeks and dog-caregiver at the age of 5. Compared to wolves, dogs tended to display more communicative signals that could potentially facilitate social interactions, such as distress vocalization, tail wagging, and gazing at the humans' face. In contrast to dog puppies, wolf pups showed aggressive behavior toward a familiar experimenter and also seemed to be more prone to avoidance. Our results demonstrate that already at this early age - despite unprecedented intensity of socialization and the comparable social (human) environment during early development - there are specific behavioral differences between wolves and dogs mostly with regard to their interactions with humans. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 47 – 111-122, 2005. |
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Department of Ethology, Eötvös University, Budapest, Pázmány P. 1/c. 1117 Hungary; Comparative Ethology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Pázmány P. 1/c. 1117 Hungary |
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Copyright © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4985 |
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Parr, L.A.; Waller, B.M.; Fugate, J. |
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Emotional communication in primates: implications for neurobiology |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
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Current Opinion in Neurobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. |
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15 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
716-720 |
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The social brain hypothesis proposes that large neocortex size in Homonoids evolved to cope with the increasing demands of complex group living and greater numbers of interindividual relationships. Group living requires that individuals communicate effectively about environmental and internal events. Recent data have highlighted the complexity of chimpanzee communication, including graded facial expressions and referential vocalizations. Among Hominoids, elaborate facial communication is accompanied by specializations in brain areas controlling facial movement. Finally, the evolution of empathy, or emotional awareness, might have a neural basis in specialized cells in the neocortex, that is, spindle cells that have been associated with self-conscious emotions, and mirror neurons that have recently been shown to activate in response to communicative facial gestures. |
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0959-4388 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5059 |
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Author |
Momozawa, Y.; Kusunose, R.; Kikusui, T.; Takeuchi, Y.; Mori, Y. |
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Assessment of equine temperament questionnaire by comparing factor structure between two separate surveys |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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92 |
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1-2 |
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77-84 |
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Keywords |
Anxiety; Factor analysis; Horses; Questionnaires; Temperament |
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To establish a method for assessing equine temperament by use of a questionnaire, we carried out two surveys. The subject animals were all thoroughbreds maintained at the same farm. Respondents were the primary caretaker and two colleagues working with each horse. Factor analysis was performed on the responses to each survey. In both surveys, five factors were extracted and four of them were common between the two surveys. The common factors were [`]Anxiety', [`]Trainability', [`]Affability', and [`]Gate entrance'. There were sufficient internal consistencies in responses about [`]Anxiety', [`]Trainability', and [`]Affability' in the two surveys to indicate the validity of this questionnaire in evaluating these factors in equine temperament. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5063 |
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Author |
Klüwer, C. |
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Zur Arbeit mit dem Pferd in Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie. Versuch einer theoretischen Besinnung auf grundlegende Möglichkeiten zwischen Mensch und Pferd. |
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2005 |
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Die Arbeit mit dem Pferd in Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie |
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5 |
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FN-Verlag |
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Warendorf |
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DKThR |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5065 |
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