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Author | Pepperberg, I.M. | ||||
Title | Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Current Directions in Psychological Science | Abbreviated Journal | Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. |
Volume | 11 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 83-87 |
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Abstract | Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) solve various cognitive tasks and acquire and use English speech in ways that often resemble those of very young children. Given that the psittacine brain is organized very differently from that of mammals, these results have intriguing implications for the study and evolution of vocal learning, communication, and cognition. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 580 | ||
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Author | Drent, P.J.; van Oers, K.; van Noordwijk, A.J. | ||||
Title | Realized heritability of personalities in the great tit (Parus major) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society | Abbreviated Journal | Proc Biol Sci |
Volume | 270 | Issue | 1510 | Pages | 45-51 |
Keywords | Aggression; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; *Behavior, Animal; Breeding; Exploratory Behavior; Female; *Heredity; Male; Selection (Genetics); Songbirds/*genetics/*physiology; Variation (Genetics) | ||||
Abstract | Behaviour under conditions of mild stress shows consistent patterns in all vertebrates: exploratory behaviour, boldness, aggressiveness covary in the same way. The existence of highly consistent individual variation in these behavioural strategies, also referred to as personalities or coping styles, allows us to measure the behaviour under standardized conditions on birds bred in captivity, link the standardized measurements to the behaviour under natural conditions and measure natural selection in the field. We have bred the great tit (Parus major), a classical model species for the study of behaviour under natural conditions, in captivity. Here, we report a realized heritability of 54 +/- 5% for early exploratory behaviour, based on four generations of bi-directional artificial selection. In addition to this, we measured hand-reared juveniles and their wild-caught parents in the laboratory. The heritability found in the mid-offspring-mid-parent regression was significantly different from zero. We have thus established the presence of considerable amounts of genetic variation for personality types in a wild bird. | ||||
Address | Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands. drent@cto.nioo.knaw.nl | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0962-8452 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:12590770 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 591 | ||
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Author | Hare, B.; Brown, M.; Williamson, C.; Tomasello, M. | ||||
Title | The domestication of social cognition in dogs | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
Volume | 298 | Issue | 5598 | Pages | 1634-1636 |
Keywords | Animals; *Animals, Domestic; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; *Cues; *Dogs; Food; Humans; Memory; Pan troglodytes; *Social Behavior; Species Specificity; Vision; Wolves | ||||
Abstract | Dogs are more skillful than great apes at a number of tasks in which they must read human communicative signals indicating the location of hidden food. In this study, we found that wolves who were raised by humans do not show these same skills, whereas domestic dog puppies only a few weeks old, even those that have had little human contact, do show these skills. These findings suggest that during the process of domestication, dogs have been selected for a set of social-cognitive abilities that enable them to communicate with humans in unique ways. | ||||
Address | Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. bhare@fas.harvard.edu | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:12446914 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 595 | ||
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Author | Quesada, J; Kintsch, W.; Gomez, E. | ||||
Title | Complex problem-solving: a field in search of a definition? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science | Abbreviated Journal | Theor Issues Ergon Sci |
Volume | 6 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 5-33 |
Keywords | Problem solving; Dynamic decision making; Micro-worlds; Expertise | ||||
Abstract | Complex problem-solving (CPS) is as an area of cognitive science that has received a good amount of attention, but theories in the field have not progressed accordingly. The reasons could be the lack of good definitions and classifications of the tasks (taxonomies). Although complexity is a term used pervasively in psychology and is operationalized in different ways, there are no psychological theories of complexity. The definition of problem-solving has been changed in the past to reflect the varied interests of the researchers and has lost its initial concreteness. These two facts together make it difficult to define CPS or make clear if CPS should reuse the theory and methods of classical problem-solving or on the contrary should build a theoretical structure starting from scratch. A taxonomy is offered of tasks using both formal features and psychological features that are theory-independent that could help compare the CPS tasks used in the literature. The adequateness is also reviewed of the most extended definitions of CPS and conclude that they are in serious need of review, since they cover tasks that are not considered problem-solving by their own authors or are not complex, but ignore others that should clearly be included. | ||||
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Publisher | Taylor and Francis Ltd | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 604 | ||
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Author | Brannon, E.M.; Terrace, H.S. | ||||
Title | Ordering of the numerosities 1 to 9 by monkeys | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
Volume | 282 | Issue | 5389 | Pages | 746-749 |
Keywords | Animals; *Discrimination (Psychology); Macaca mulatta/*psychology; *Mathematics; *Mental Processes | ||||
Abstract | A fundamental question in cognitive science is whether animals can represent numerosity (a property of a stimulus that is defined by the number of discriminable elements it contains) and use numerical representations computationally. Here, it was shown that rhesus monkeys represent the numerosity of visual stimuli and detect their ordinal disparity. Two monkeys were first trained to respond to exemplars of the numerosities 1 to 4 in an ascending numerical order (1 --> 2 --> 3 --> 4). As a control for non-numerical cues, exemplars were varied with respect to size, shape, and color. The monkeys were later tested, without reward, on their ability to order stimulus pairs composed of the novel numerosities 5 to 9. Both monkeys responded in an ascending order to the novel numerosities. These results show that rhesus monkeys represent the numerosities 1 to 9 on an ordinal scale. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. liz@psych.columbia.edu | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0036-8075 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:9784133 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 606 | ||
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Author | Dusek, J.A.; Eichenbaum, H. | ||||
Title | The hippocampus and memory for orderly stimulus relations | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
Volume | 94 | Issue | 13 | Pages | 7109-7114 |
Keywords | Animals; Attention; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Hippocampus/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Male; Memory/*physiology; Rats | ||||
Abstract | Human declarative memory involves a systematic organization of information that supports generalizations and inferences from acquired knowledge. This kind of memory depends on the hippocampal region in humans, but the extent to which animals also have declarative memory, and whether inferential expression of memory depends on the hippocampus in animals, remains a major challenge in cognitive neuroscience. To examine these issues, we used a test of transitive inference pioneered by Piaget to assess capacities for systematic organization of knowledge and logical inference in children. In our adaptation of the test, rats were trained on a set of four overlapping odor discrimination problems that could be encoded either separately or as a single representation of orderly relations among the odor stimuli. Normal rats learned the problems and demonstrated the relational memory organization through appropriate transitive inferences about items not presented together during training. By contrast, after disconnection of the hippocampus from either its cortical or subcortical pathway, rats succeeded in acquiring the separate discrimination problems but did not demonstrate transitive inference, indicating that they had failed to develop or could not inferentially express the orderly organization of the stimulus elements. These findings strongly support the view that the hippocampus mediates a general declarative memory capacity in animals, as it does in humans. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, Boston University, 64 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0027-8424 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:9192700 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 607 | ||
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Author | Orbell, J.; Morikawa, T.; Allen,N. | ||||
Title | The Evolution of Political Intelligence: Simulation Results | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | British Journal of Political Science | Abbreviated Journal | Br. J. Polit. Sci. |
Volume | 32 | Issue | Pages | 613-639 | |
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Abstract | Several bodies of theory develop the idea that the intelligence of highly social animals – most interestingly, humans is significantly organized around the adaptive problems posed by their sociality. By this “political intelligence” hypothesis, sociality selects for, among other attributes, capacities for “manipulating” information others can gather about one's own future behaviour, and for “mindreading” such manipulations by others. Yet we have little theory about how diverse parameters of the games that social animals play select for political intelligence. We begin to address that with an evolutionary simulation in which agents choose between playing Prisoner's Dilemma and Hawk-Dove games on the basis of the information they can retrieve about each other given four broad information processing capacities. We show that political intelligence – operationally, the aggregate of those four capacities evolves to its highest levels when co-operative games are generally more attractive than conflictual ones, but when conflictual games are at least sometimes also attractive. | ||||
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Publisher | Cambridge University Press | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 609 | ||
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Author | Schnall, Simone; Gattis,Merideth | ||||
Title | Transitive Inference by Visual Reasoning | Type | Conference Volume | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 929-934 | ||
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Abstract | Two experiments are reported that investigated the influence of linear spatial organization on transitive inference performance. Reward/no-reward relations between overlapping pairs of elements were presented in a context of linear spatial order or random spatial order. Participants in the linear arrangement condition showed evidence for visual reasoning: They systematically mapped spatial relations to conceptual relation and used the spatial relations to make inferences on a reasoning task in a new spatial context. We suggest that linear ordering may be a “good figure”, by constituting a parsimonious representation for the integration of premises, as well as for the inferencing process. The late emergence of transitive inference in children may be the result of limited cognitive capacity, which --unless an external spatial array is available --constrains the construction of an internal spatial array. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 610 | ||
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Author | Weeks, J.W.; Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Heusner, G. | ||||
Title | Preliminary study of the development of the Flehmen response in Equus caballus | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 78 | Issue | 2-4 | Pages | 329-335 |
Keywords | Horse behavior; Flehmen; Foal development | ||||
Abstract | The flehmen response is commonly seen in most ungulates as well as in several other species (e.g. felids). The behavior is most often thought to be part of the sexual behavioral repertoire of males. One reigning hypothesis suggests that this behavior allows the male to determine the estrous state of a female through the chemosensory functions of the vomeronasal organ. However, females and young of both sexes also exhibit this behavior. Horse foals most frequently show the flehmen response during their first month of life with colts showing the behavior more often than fillies. This study tested the flehmen response on male and female foals throughout their pre-pubertal period. Foals were separately presented estrous and non-estrous urine weekly during the first month of life and then monthly until they were approximately 7 months of age. No significant differences were found between male and female foals for the following variables: latency to flehmen, duration of flehmen, frequency of flehmen and sniffs. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 615 | ||
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Author | Ellard, M.-E.; Crowell-Davis, S.L. | ||||
Title | Evaluating equine dominance in draft mares | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1989 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 24 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 55-75 |
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Abstract | The social hierarchy of a herd of 12 draft mares was assessed using agonism in the field, paired-feeding tests and a group-feeding test. Results from the paired-feeding test correlated significantly, but imperfectly, with those from the field. Differential motivation among subjects for the feed and disruption of ambiguous relationships among mares reduced the reliability of the paired-feeding test as a measure of social dominance. Results from the group-feeding test did not correlate significantly with the field hierarchy and only a few mares ever ate from the bucket. Height, weight and age each correlated significantly with rank; a mare's tendency to remain alone did not. Total aggressive scores during the paired-feeding test correlated with rank. However, a high-ranking mare was no more aggressive to each of her subordinates than was a low-ranking mare. Rather, all mares aggressed more against individuals close in rank to themselves and with preferred field associates. In the field, mares associated most with other mares of similar rank. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 662 | ||
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