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Author |
Hanggi, E.B.; Ingersoll, J.F.; Waggoner, T.L. |
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Title |
Color vision in horses (Equus caballus): deficiencies identified using a pseudoisochromatic plate test |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
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Volume |
121 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
65-72 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Appetitive Behavior; *Color Perception; Color Perception Tests/veterinary; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Horses/*psychology; Male; Sensitivity and Specificity |
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Abstract |
In the past, equine color vision was tested with stimuli composed either of painted cards or photographic slides or through physiological testing using electroretinogram flicker photometry. Some studies produced similar results, but others did not, demonstrating that there was not yet a definitive answer regarding color vision in horses (Equus caballus). In this study, a pseudoisochromatic plate test--which is highly effective in testing color vision both in small children and in adult humans--was used for the first time on a nonhuman animal. Stimuli consisted of different colored dotted circles set against backgrounds of varying dots. The coloration of the circles corresponded to the visual capabilities of different types of color deficiencies (anomalous trichromacy and dichromacy). Four horses were tested on a 2-choice discrimination task. All horses successfully reached criterion for gray circles and demonstration circles. None of the horses were able to discriminate the protan-deutan plate or the individual protan or deutan plates. However, all were able to discriminate the tritan plate. The results suggest that horses are dichromats with color vision capabilities similar to those of humans with red-green color deficiencies. |
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Equine Research Foundation, Aptos, CA 95001, USA. EquiResF@aol.com |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:17324076 |
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refbase @ user @ ; Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 |
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1972 |
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Author |
Virga, V.; Houpt, K.A. |
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Title |
Prevalence of placentophagia in horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
33 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
208-210 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Colic/epidemiology/*veterinary; Exploratory Behavior; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Horse Diseases/*epidemiology; Horses; Incidence; New York/epidemiology; *Placenta; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Questionnaires |
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Animal Behavior Clinic, Cornell University Hospital for Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:11266073 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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31 |
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Author |
Houpt, K.A.; Eggleston, A.; Kunkle, K.; Houpt, T.R. |
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Title |
Effect of water restriction on equine behaviour and physiology |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
32 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
341-344 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Blood Proteins/analysis; Energy Intake; Female; Horse Diseases/physiopathology; Horses/*physiology; Osmolar Concentration; Pregnancy; Stress/veterinary; Video Recording; Water Deprivation/*physiology |
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Abstract |
Six pregnant mares were used to determine what level of water restriction causes physiological and/or behavioural changes indicative of stress. Nonlegume hay was fed ad libitum. During the first week of restriction, 5 l water/100 kg bwt was available, during the second week 4 l/100 kg bwt and, during the third week, 3 l/100 kg bwt. Ad libitum water intake was 6.9 l/100 kg bwt; at 3 l/100 kg bwt water intake was 42% of this. Daily hay intake fell significantly with increasing water restriction from 12.9 +/- 0.75 kg to 8.3 +/- 0.54 kg; bodyweight fell significantly for a total loss of 48.5 +/- 8.3 kg in 3 weeks. Daily blood samples were analysed; osmolality rose significantly with increasing water restriction from 282 +/- 0.7 mosmols/kg to 293.3 +/- 0.8 mosmols/kg bwt, but plasma protein and PCV did not change significantly. Cortisol concentrations fell from 8.1 ng/ml to 6.4 ng/ml over the 3 week period. Aldosterone fell from 211.3 +/- 74.2 pg/ml to 92.5 +/- 27.5 pg/ml at the end of the first week. The behaviour of 4 of the 6 mares was recorded 24 h/day for the duration of the study. The only significant difference was in time spent eating, which decreased with increasing water restriction from 46 +/- 3% to 30 +/- 3%. It is concluded that water restriction to 4 l/100 kg bwt dehydrates pregnant mares and may diminish their welfare, but is not life- or pregnancy-threatening. |
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Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401, USA |
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0425-1644 |
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Notes |
PMID:10952384 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
32 |
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Author |
Houpt, K.A.; Feldman, J. |
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Title |
Animal behavior case of the month. Aggression toward a neonatal foal by its dam |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Vet Med Assoc |
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Volume |
203 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
1279-1280 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Newborn; *Behavior, Animal; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Horses/*psychology; *Maternal Behavior; Rejection (Psychology); Restraint, Physical/veterinary |
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Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401 |
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0003-1488 |
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Notes |
PMID:8253618 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
36 |
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Author |
Houpt, K.A.; Smith, R. |
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Title |
Animal behavior case of the month |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Vet Med Assoc |
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Volume |
203 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
377-378 |
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Keywords |
Aggression; Animals; Animals, Zoo/*psychology; *Behavior, Animal; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/*psychology; *Weaning |
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Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401 |
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0003-1488 |
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Notes |
PMID:8226214 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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37 |
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Author |
Houpt, K.A.; Northrup, N.; Wheatley, T.; Houpt, T.R. |
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Title |
Thirst and salt appetite in horses treated with furosemide |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Appl Physiol |
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Volume |
71 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
2380-2386 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Appetite/*drug effects; Blood Volume; Diuresis; Drinking/drug effects; Female; Furosemide/*pharmacology; Horses; Natriuresis; Sodium, Dietary/*administration & dosage; Thirst/*drug effects |
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Abstract |
When a preliminary experiment in sodium-replete ponies revealed an increase, but not a significant increase, in salt consumption after furosemide treatment, the experiment was repeated using sodium-deficient horses in which aldosterone levels might be expected to be elevated to test the hypothesis that a background of aldosterone is necessary for salt appetite. Ten Standardbred mares were injected intravenously with furosemide or an equivalent volume of 0.9% sodium chloride as a control to test the effect of furosemide on their salt appetite and blood constituents. Sodium intake and sodium loss in urine, as well as water intake and urine output, were measured and compared to determine accuracy of compensation for natriuresis and diuresis. Plasma protein and packed cell volume showed significant increases in response to furosemide treatment (F = 29.31, P less than 0.001 and F = 11.20, P less than 0.001, respectively). There were no significant changes in plasma sodium concentration or osmolality in response to the treatment (P greater than 0.05). The furosemide-treated horses consumed 126 +/- 14.8 g salt, significantly more than when they were given the control injection (94.5 +/- 9.8 g; t = 2.22, P = 0.05). In response to furosemide, horses lost 962 +/- 79.7 and consumed 2,170 +/- 5 meq sodium; however, compared with control, they lost 955 meq more sodium and ingested only 570 meq more sodium, so they were undercompensating for natriuresis. The furosemide-treated horses drank 9.6 +/- 0.8 kg of water, significantly more than when they received the control injection (6.4 +/- 0.8 kg; t = 6.9, P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
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Address |
Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401 |
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8750-7587 |
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Notes |
PMID:1778936 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
38 |
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Author |
Stahlbaum, C.C.; Houpt, K.A. |
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Title |
The role of the Flehmen response in the behavioral repertoire of the stallion |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Physiology & behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physiol. Behav. |
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Volume |
45 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1207-1214 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Circadian Rhythm; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Estrus; Feces; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Smell/*physiology; Taste/physiology; Urine |
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Abstract |
The role of the Flehmen response in equine behavior was investigated under field and laboratory conditions. In Experiment 1, a field study made of five stallions on pasture with between three and eighteen mares each during the season indicated the following: 1) The Flehmen response was most frequently preceded by nasal, rather than oral, investigation of substances; 2) The stallions' rate of Flehmen varied with the estrous cycles of the mares; 3) The rate of Flehmen response did not show a variation with time of day; and 4) The Flehmen response was most frequently followed by marking behaviors rather than courtship behaviors. The results suggest that the Flehmen response is not an immediate component of sexual behavior, e.g., courtship of the stallion but may be involved in the overall monitoring of the mare's estrous cycle. Therefore the Flehmen response may contribute to the chemosensory priming of the stallion for reproduction. In Experiment 2 stallions were presented with urine or feces of mares in various stages of the reproductive cycle as well as with their own or other males' urine or feces. The occurrence of sniffing and Flehmen was used to determine the discriminatory ability of the stallions. Stallions can differentiate the sex of a horse on the basis of its feces alone, but cannot differentiate on the basis of urine. This ability may explain the function of fecal marking behavior of stallions. |
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New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853 |
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0031-9384 |
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Notes |
PMID:2813545 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
44 |
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Author |
Houpt, K.A.; Thornton, S.N.; Allen, W.R. |
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Title |
Vasopressin in dehydrated and rehydrated ponies |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Physiology & behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physiol. Behav. |
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Volume |
45 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
659-661 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Dehydration/*blood; Drinking Behavior/*physiology; Female; Horses/*blood; Osmolar Concentration; Reaction Time; Time Factors; Vasopressins/*blood |
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Abstract |
Six pony mares deprived of water for 24 hours showed significant increases in plasma vasopressin (2.8 pg/ml) and osmolality (9 mosmol/kg). When water was made available the ponies drank rapidly (5 of 6 drank to satiety within 90 seconds) and corrected their fluid deficits precisely. Vasopressin did not return to predehydration levels until osmolality did after 15 minutes of access to water. The horse differs from rodents and humans, but is similar to pigs in that vasopressin levels do not fall before osmolality returns to normal. Oropharyngeal factors, therefore, may not be as important in vasopressin release in horses as in other species. |
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New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853-6401 |
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0031-9384 |
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Notes |
PMID:2756059 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
45 |
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Author |
Shaw, E.B.; Houpt, K.A.; Holmes, D.F. |
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Title |
Body temperature and behaviour of mares during the last two weeks of pregnancy |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
20 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
199-202 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Body Temperature; Circadian Rhythm; Eating; Female; Horses/*physiology; Labor, Obstetric/*physiology; Motor Activity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal/*physiology |
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Abstract |
Average daily core body temperature and behavioural patterns of pregnant mares were studied, in search of definitive signs of parturition within 24 h of the event. Nineteen pony mares were sampled twice daily for core body temperature. A significant temperature drop, averaging 0.1 degrees C (0.2 degrees F) was observed during the day prior to parturition. Between 18.00 h and 06.00 h, during the two weeks before parturition, Thoroughbred and Standardbred mares (n = 52) spent an average 66.8 per cent of their time standing, 27.0 per cent eating, 4.9 per cent lying in sternal recumbency, 1.0 per cent lying in lateral recumbency, and 0.3 per cent walking. On the night before parturition, mares spent significantly less time lying in sternal recumbency than on previous nights and on the night of parturition all behaviour patterns except eating were significantly different from the nights of the two weeks before parturition. There was an increase in walking (5.3 per cent), lying in sternal recumbency (8 per cent) and lying in lateral recumbency (5.3 per cent) whereas standing (53.3 per cent) was decreased. In 58 observed pregnancies, 54 mares (97 per cent) foaled in a recumbent position and 50 mares (86 per cent) foaled between 18.00 h and 06.00 h. |
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Department of Physiology, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853 |
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0425-1644 |
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Notes |
PMID:3402416 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
46 |
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Author |
Houpt, K.A.; Perry, P.J.; Hintz, H.F.; Houpt, T.R. |
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Title |
Effect of meal frequency on fluid balance and behavior of ponies |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Physiology & behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physiol. Behav. |
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Volume |
42 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
401-407 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Blood Proteins/analysis; *Eating; Female; Hematocrit; Horses/blood/*physiology; Osmolar Concentration; *Water-Electrolyte Balance |
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Abstract |
Twelve ponies were fed their total daily ration either as one large meal or divided into six small meals. Pre- and post-feeding behavior was recorded six times a day. Blood samples were taken for 30 min before and two hr after the meal. Plasma protein increased from 7.0 to a peak of 7.3 g/dl with small meals and from 7.3 to 8.1 g/dl with large meals, and returned to pre-feeding levels by 90 min post-feeding. Hematocrit rose from 33.3 to 34.1% with small meals and from 33.0 to 36.0% with large meals. These rapid and short-lived increases indicate a decrease in plasma volume. Plasma osmolality rose with feeding from 283 to 285 mosmoles/kg with small meals and from 281 to 288 mosmoles/kg with large meals. Water availability had no significant effect on blood changes. Digestibility and rate of passage were measured with chromic oxide, but there were no differences. Vocalizing (neighing) and walking occurred more often before than after feeding, while eating bedding and engaging in other oral behaviors were more frequent after feeding. |
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Department of Physiology, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853 |
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0031-9384 |
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Notes |
PMID:3393599 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
47 |
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