Records |
Author |
Zentall, S.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
Optimal stimulation: a model of disordered activity and performance in normal and deviant children |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Psychological bulletin |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychol Bull |
Volume |
94 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
446-471 |
Keywords |
*Arousal; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/*psychology; Autistic Disorder/*psychology; Behavior Therapy; Child; Humans |
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ISSN |
0033-2909 |
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PMID:6657825 |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
264 |
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Author |
Hogan, D.E.; Zentall, T.R.; Pace, G. |
Title |
Control of pigeons' matching-to-sample performance by differential sample response requirements |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1983 |
Publication |
The American journal of psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Psychol |
Volume |
96 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
37-49 |
Keywords |
Animals; Association; *Color Perception; Columbidae; Cues; *Discrimination Learning; Reinforcement Schedule; Time Factors |
Abstract |
Pigeons were trained on a matching-to-sample task in which sample hue and required sample-specific observing behavior provided redundant, relevant cues for correct choices. On trials that involved red and yellow hues as comparison stimuli, a fixed-ratio 16 schedule (FR 16) was required to illuminate the comparisons when the sample was red, and a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates 3-sec schedule (DRL 3-sec) was required when the sample was yellow. On trials involving blue and green hues as comparison stimuli, an FR 16 schedule was required when the sample was blue and a DRL 3-sec schedule was required when the sample was green. For some pigeons, a 0-sec delay intervened between sample offset and comparison onset, whereas other pigeons experienced a random mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delay trials. Test trial performance at 0-sec delay indicated that sample-specific behavior controlled choice performance considerably more than sample hue did. Test performance was independent of whether original training involved all 0-sec delay trials or a mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delays. Sample-specific observing response requirements appear to facilitate pigeons' matching-to-sample performance by strengthening associations between the observing response and correct choice. |
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0002-9556 |
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Notes |
PMID:6859346 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
265 |
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Author |
Nallan, G.B.; Pace, G.M.; McCoy, D.F.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
The role of elicited responding in the feature-positive effect |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1983 |
Publication |
The American journal of psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Psychol |
Volume |
96 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
377-390 |
Keywords |
Animals; Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination (Psychology); Male; Practice (Psychology); Reinforcement (Psychology); Time Factors |
Abstract |
Hearst and Jenkins proposed in 1974 that elicited responding accounts for the feature-positive effect. To test this position, pigeons were exposed to a feature-positive or feature-negative discrimination between successively presented displays--one consisted of a red and a green response key and the other consisted of two green response keys. There were four main conditions: 5-5 (5-sec trials, 5-sec intertrial intervals), 5-30, 30-30, and 30-180. Conditions 5-30 and 30-180 should produce the largest amount of elicited responding, and therefore the largest feature-positive effects. A response-independent bird was yoked to each response-dependent bird to allow direct assessment of the amount of elicited responding generated by each condition. Contrary to the predictions by Hearst and Jenkins's theory, response-dependent birds showed large feature-positive effects in each condition. The largest feature-positive effect was obtained in condition 5-5. Response-independent birds produced similar results, but manifested low response rates. |
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0002-9556 |
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PMID:6650707 |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
266 |
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Author |
Baer, K.L.; Potter, G.D.; Friend, T.H.; Beaver, B.V. |
Title |
Observation effects on learning in horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Animal. Ethol. |
Volume |
11 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
123-129 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
Sixteen horses, divided into 2 groups of 8, were used to study observational learning in horses. One group served as controls while the other group served as the treated group (observers). Observers were allowed to watch a correctly performed discrimination task for 5 days prior to testing their learning response using the same task. Discrimination testing was conducted on all horses daily for 14 days, with criterion set at 7 out of 8 responses correct with the last 5 consecutively correct. The maximum number of trials performed without reaching criterion was limited to 20 per day. Mean trials to criteria (MT) by group were: control, 11.25; observer, 10.70. Mean error (ME) scores were: control, 2.37; observer, 2.02. Average initial discrimination error scores were 11.13 for control and 10.38 for observers (P < 0.10). Asymptote was reached by Day 8 for both control and observer groups. Analysis of variance with repeated measures showed an extreme-day effect indicative of learning (P < 0.01), with non-significant differences in learning rate between experimental groups. Whether the initial ability of the horses to perform a discrimination learning task was enhanced by observation of other horses' performance of that task was not obvious from these data. |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
726 |
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Author |
Hinde, R.A. |
Title |
A conceptural framework |
Type |
Book Chapter |
Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Primate Social Relationships |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
1-7 |
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Publisher |
Sinauer, Sunderland |
Place of Publication |
Massechusetts |
Editor |
Hinde, R.A |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
818 |
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Author |
Boyd, R.; Silk, J.B. |
Title |
A method for assigning cardinal dominance ranks |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
Volume |
31 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
45-58 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
Dominance hierarchies are widely described in nature. Commonly, an individual's ordinal rank is used as a measure of its position in the hierarchy, and, therefore its priority of access to resources. This use of ordinal ranks has several related drawbacks: (1) it is difficult to assess the magnitude or the significance of the difference in degree of dominance between two individuals; (2) it is difficult to evaluate the significance of differences between dominance matrices based on different behaviours or on the same behaviour at different times, and (3) it is difficult to use parametric statistical techniques to relate dominance rank to other quantities of interest. In this paper we describe a method for assigning cardinal dominance indices that does not suffer from these drawbacks. This technique is based on the Bradley-Terry model from the method of paired comparisons. We show how this model can be reinterpreted in terms of dominance interactions. and we describe a simple iterative technique for computing cardinal ranks. We then describe how to evaluate (1) whether the rank differences between individuals are significant, and (2) whether differences in the cardinal hierarchies based on different behaviours or the same behaviour at different times are significant. We then show how to generalize the method to deal with behaviours that sometimes have ambiguous outcomes, or behaviours for which the rank difference between a pair of individuals affects the rate of interaction between them. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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859 |
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Author |
Lindsay, F.E.; Burton, F.L. |
Title |
Observational study of “urine testing” in the horse and donkey stallion |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
Volume |
15 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
330-336 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horses/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Male; Nasal Septum; Nose/anatomy & histology; Olfactory Mucosa/physiology; Perissodactyla/*physiology; Sex Attractants/urine; Smell/physiology |
Abstract |
Although “urine testing” is said to enable the male equid to assess the sexual status of the mare, there are no reports in the literature of any detailed study of this behavioural response of the stallion. Behavioural response to conspecific urine was studied in two horse stallions and one donkey stallion. The relevant nasopalatine anatomy is described. Events observed during urine testing included head, neck, lip, jaw, tongue movements, penile changes and nasal secretion. Nasal endoscopy indicated that the source of part of the nasal secretion was the secretory glands of the vomeronasal organ complex. The significance and probable function of these events in urine testing is discussed. |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:6641679 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1955 |
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Author |
Carson, K.; Wood-Gush, D.G.M. |
Title |
Equine behaviour: II. A review of the literature on feeding, eliminative and resting behaviour |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Animal. Ethol. |
Volume |
10 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
179-190 |
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Abstract |
The literature on the feeding, eliminative and resting behaviour of horses has been reviewed to collate the information available on these subjects. The grazing and eliminative behaviour patterns of domestic horses are unlike those of free-ranging Equidae. The reasons for this are not known, but it can cause wasted grazing of up to 90% of a field. Certain conditions, such as provision of supplementary hay and lack of available herbage, can cause these behaviour patterns to change, although it is not known how to manipulate the grazing behaviour of horses to prevent deterioration of the pasture. Grazing behaviour is influenced by many variables and is more complex than the feeding behaviour of a stabled horse. Horses sleep for approximately 12% of the day and show 4 different sleep/wakefulness states -- alert wakefulness, drowsiness, slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep. Horses are able to maintain slow-wave sleep while standing, but they need to lie down for paradoxical sleep to occur, rarely spending more than 30 consecutive minutes in lateral recumbency. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1990 |
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Author |
Premack, D. |
Title |
Animal Cognition |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Annual Review of Psychology |
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Volume |
34 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
351-362 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3535 |
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Author |
Langlois, B.; Minkema, D.; Bruns, E. |
Title |
Genetic problems in horse breeding |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Livestock Production Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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10 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
69-81 |
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The purpose of this paper is to give a short survey of the present problems concerning the genetic improvement of horse breeds. The evolution of these populations in Europe, characterized by a deep change from production of draught horses towards that of leisure horses, is described and the influence of the demographical parameters on the selection of these horse populations, is discussed. The generation interval represents an important handicap only surmounted in the case of racing breeds where a high selection intensity can be practised since all animals are subjected to performance testing. In the other cases, the farmer usually does not use modern breeding techniques, but uses crosses instead, which lead more easily to visible results. The available selection criteria are also dealt with. A distinction is made between direct estimates evaluating the abilities of the animals in practice and the indirect estimates measuring a character in correlation to previous ones. For the former estimates, a distinction is made between those resulting from competitions (handicap, records or earnings) and those resulting from direct in-station measurements (saddle, jumping, dressage abilities, draught power). For the indirect estimates, often used especially for the selection of mares, the most important analysis is obviously that of the conformation. However, in the future early selection criteria according to more physiological data should be sought and developed. Estimation of the breeding value according to a given ability is thereafter pointed out. There are two situations: “the panmictic case” concerning sport and draught horses and “the non-panmictic case” corresponding to racing horses, which give rise to some problems. The setting up of breeding plans is discussed. Due to the different economic situations and various objectives of horse production, conclusions are drawn about the role played by geneticists in the present development of this sector. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3967 |
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