| Records |
| Author |
Eisenmann V, |
| Title |
Le cheval: Passé, présent et avenir. |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1982 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Bull Inf Mus Nat Hist Naturelle |
| Volume |
30 |
Issue |
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Pages |
29-34 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1052 |
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| Author |
Ewart Jc, |
| Title |
The wild horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1903 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
68 |
Issue |
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Pages |
271-274 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1076 |
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| Author |
Fedak Ma, S.H. |
| Title |
Reappraisal of energetics of locomotion shows identical cost in bipeds and quadrupeds including ostrich and horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1979 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
282 |
Issue |
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Pages |
713-716 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1079 |
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| Author |
Hoyt Df, T.C. |
| Title |
Gait and the energetics of locomotion in horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1981 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
292 |
Issue |
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Pages |
239-240 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
no |
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Serial |
1205 |
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| Author |
OUSTALET E |
| Title |
Une nouvelle espèce de zèbre, |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1882 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
La Nature |
| Volume |
10 |
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Pages |
12-14 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1444 |
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| Author |
Pocock Rj, |
| Title |
The coloration of the Quaggas |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
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Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
68 |
Issue |
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Pages |
356-357 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
no |
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Serial |
1480 |
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| Author |
Welsh Da, |
| Title |
The life of Sable Island's wild horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1973 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Nature Canada |
| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
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Pages |
7-14 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
no |
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Serial |
1701 |
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| Author |
Gilbert, B.K.; Hailman, J.P. |
| Title |
Uncertainty of leadership-rank in fallow deer |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1966 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
209 |
Issue |
5027 |
Pages |
1041-1042 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Artiodactyla; *Behavior, Animal; Female; *Leadership; Pregnancy |
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English |
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0028-0836 |
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| Notes |
PMID:5927524 |
Approved |
no |
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Serial |
2057 |
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| Author |
Wilson, A.M.; McGuigan, M.P.; Su, A.; van Den Bogert, A.J. |
| Title |
Horses damp the spring in their step |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
414 |
Issue |
6866 |
Pages |
895-899 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Biomechanics; Elasticity; Forelimb; Gait; Horses/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Leg Bones/*physiology; Locomotion; Models, Biological; Muscle Fibers/physiology; Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Tendons/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Vibration |
| Abstract |
The muscular work of galloping in horses is halved by storing and returning elastic strain energy in spring-like muscle-tendon units.These make the legs act like a child's pogo stick that is tuned to stretch and recoil at 2.5 strides per second. This mechanism is optimized by unique musculoskeletal adaptations: the digital flexor muscles have extremely short fibres and significant passive properties, whereas the tendons are very long and span several joints. Length change occurs by a stretching of the spring-like digital flexor tendons rather than through energetically expensive length changes in the muscle. Despite being apparently redundant for such a mechanism, the muscle fibres in the digital flexors are well developed. Here we show that the mechanical arrangement of the elastic leg permits it to vibrate at a higher frequency of 30-40 Hz that could cause fatigue damage to tendon and bone. Furthermore, we show that the digital flexor muscles have minimal ability to contribute to or regulate significantly the 2.5-Hz cycle of movement, but are ideally arranged to damp these high-frequency oscillations in the limb. |
| Address |
Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK. awilson@rvc.ac.uk |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:11780059 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2300 |
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| Author |
Marean, C.W.; Gifford-Gonzalez, D. |
| Title |
Late Quaternary extinct ungulates of East Africa and palaeoenvironmental implications |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
350 |
Issue |
6317 |
Pages |
418-420 |
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| Abstract |
UNGULATE communities of two East African savannas, the Serengeti and Athi-Kapiti Plains, are dominated by wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) supplemented by zebra (Equus burchelli), topi (Damaliscus lunatus), hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus), buffalo (Syncerus caffer) eland (Taurotragus oryx) and gazelles (Gazella grand and G. thomsoni)1-3. Before this research, little was known of East African large mammal communities in the Late Pleistocene and early to middle Holocene. We document an extinct impala-sized alcelaphine antelope that is numerically dominant in Late Pleistocene archaeofaunal assemblages from the Athi-Kapiti Plains. The extinct giant buffalo Pelorovis antiquus is present, and a number of arid-adapted regionally extinct species are common. The small alcelaphine is rare in northern Tanzania, but regionally extinct arid-adapted species are present in Late Pleistocene deposits. These data indicate that as recently as 12,000 years ago, the large mammal community structure of East African savannas was very different and dry grasslands and arid-adapted ungulates expanded at least as far south as northern Tanzania during the Last Glacial Maximum. |
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| Notes |
10.1038/350418a0 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2345 |
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