|
|
Mayes, E., & Duncan, P. (1986). Temporal patterns of feeding behaviour in free-ranging horses. Behav., 96, 105–129.
|
|
|
|
Lima, S. L. (1986). Predation Risk and Unpredictable Feeding Conditions: Determinants of Body Mass in Birds. Ecology, 67(2), 377–385.
|
|
|
|
Liang, K. - Y., & Zeger, S. L. (1986). Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika, 73(1), 13–22.
Abstract: This paper proposes an extension of generalized linear models to the analysis of longitudinal data. We introduce a class of estimating equations that give consistent estimates of the regression parameters and of their variance under mild assumptions about the time dependence. The estimating equations are derived without specifying the joint distribution of a subject's observations yet they reduce to the score equations for niultivariate Gaussian outcomes. Asymptotic theory is presented for the general class of estimators. Specific cases in which we assume independence, m-dependence and exchangeable correlation structures from each subject are discussed. Efficiency of the pioposecl estimators in two simple situations is considered. The approach is closely related to quasi-likelihood.
|
|
|
|
Kortlandt A. (1986). The use of tools by wild-living chimpanzees and earliest hominids. J. Hum. Evol.,, 15, 77.
|
|
|
|
Klingel H,. (1986). Die Evolution der Sozialen Organisation der Equiden. Verh Dtsch Zool Ges, 79, 176.
|
|
|
|
Kirkpatrick, J. F., & Turner, J. W. J. (1986). Comparative reproductive biology of North American feral horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci., 6, 224–230.
|
|
|
|
Kirkpatrick Jf,. (1986). Feral horses: The basic problems. J Equine Vet Sc, 6, 222.
|
|
|
|
Keiper, R. R., & Sambraus, H. H. (1986). The stability of equine dominance hierarchies and the effects of kinship, proximity and foaling status on hierarchy rank. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 16(2), 121–130.
Abstract: Dominance hierarchies were determined in four bands of feral horses living on Assateague Island. The bands varied in size from 10 to 16 horses, and consisted of one stallion, several mares and their offspring. The animals ranged in age from less than 1 to over 18 years. Field observation of all social interactions during the summer of 1981 was used to determine dominance. 1981 hierarchies for three of the bands were compared with hierarchies determined for the same bands in 1978, and showed that hierarchies change over time. Age was significantly correlated with rank. Mares with foals did not rank any higher in the hierarchies than mares without foals. Kinship did not appear to have an effect on dominance rank either, since neither juvenile nor adult offspring ranks correlated with the ranks of their mothers. The band stallion was not the highest-ranking animal of any band, but the location of the stallion peripheral to the main body of the band, the nature of his interactions with band members, and his length of residence in the band may have contributed to his low rank.
|
|
|
|
Keiper, R. R. (1986). Social structure. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 2(3), 465–484.
Abstract: Socially feral horses live in stable social groups characterized by one adult male, a number of adult females, and their offspring up to 2 years of age. Extra males either live by themselves or with other males in bachelor groups. The bands occupy nondefended home ranges that often overlap. Many abnormal behaviors seen in domestic horses occur because some aspect of their normal social behavior cannot be carried out in captivity.
|
|
|
|
Keiper Rr,. (1986). The Przewalski horse ecosystem: programs and progress. In Majumdaret al : Endangered and threatened species programs in Pensylvania and other States.
|
|
