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Author  |
Proudman, C.; Pinchbeck, G.; Clegg, P.; French, N. |
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Title |
Equine welfare: risk of horses falling in the Grand National |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
428 |
Issue |
6981 |
Pages |
385-386 |
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Keywords |
Accidental Falls/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data; Animal Welfare; Animals; Great Britain; Horse Diseases/prevention & control; Horses/*physiology; Odds Ratio; Risk Assessment; *Sports |
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Abstract |
As in other competitive sports, the famous Grand National steeplechase, which is held at Aintree in the United Kingdom and is watched by 600 million people worldwide, sometimes results in injury. By analysing data from the past 15 Grand National races (consisting of 560 starts by horses), we are able to identify several factors that are significantly associated with failure to complete the race: no previous experience of the course and its unique obstacles, unfavourable ground conditions (too soft or too hard), a large number of runners, and the length of the odds ('starting price'). We also find that there is an increased risk of falling at the first fence and at the jump known as Becher's Brook, which has a ditch on the landing side. Our findings indicate ways in which the Grand National could be made safer for horses and illustrate how epidemiological analysis might contribute to preventing injury in competitive sport. |
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Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK. c.j.proudman@liverpool.ac.uk |
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1476-4687 |
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PMID:15042079 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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535 |
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Author |
Prather, J.F.; Peters, S.; Nowicki, S.; Mooney, R. |
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Title |
Precise auditory-vocal mirroring in neurons for learned vocal communication |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
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Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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451 |
Issue |
7176 |
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305-310 |
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Abstract |
Brain mechanisms for communication must establish a correspondence between sensory and motor codes used to represent
the signal. One idea is that this correspondence is established at the level of single neurons that are active when the
individual performs a particular gesture or observes a similar gesture performed by another individual. Although neurons
that display a precise auditory–vocal correspondence could facilitate vocal communication, they have yet to be identified.
Here we report that a certain class of neurons in the swamp sparrow forebrain displays a precise auditory–vocal
correspondence. We show that these neurons respond in a temporally precise fashion to auditory presentation of certain
note sequences in this songbird’s repertoire and to similar note sequences in other birds’ songs. These neurons display
nearly identical patterns of activity when the bird sings the same sequence, and disrupting auditory feedback does not alter
this singing-related activity, indicating it is motor in nature. Furthermore, these neurons innervate striatal structures
important for song learning, raising the possibility that singing-related activity in these cells is compared to auditory
feedback to guide vocal learning. |
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Nature Publishing Group |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/nature06492 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5062 |
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Author |
Potts, W.K.; Manning, C.J.; Wakeland, E.K. |
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Title |
Mating patterns in seminatural populations of mice influenced by MHC genotype |
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Year |
1991 |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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352 |
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6336 |
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619-621 |
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10.1038/352619a0 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5424 |
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Author |
Pocock Rj, |
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Title |
The coloration of the Quaggas |
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Journal Article |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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68 |
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356-357 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1480 |
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Author |
Paz-y-Miño C. G.; Bond, A.B.; Kamil, A.C.; Balda, R.P. |
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Title |
Pinyon jays use transitive inference to predict social dominance |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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430 |
Issue |
7001 |
Pages |
778-781 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Group Structure; Male; *Social Dominance; Songbirds/*physiology |
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Abstract |
Living in large, stable social groups is often considered to favour the evolution of enhanced cognitive abilities, such as recognizing group members, tracking their social status and inferring relationships among them. An individual's place in the social order can be learned through direct interactions with others, but conflicts can be time-consuming and even injurious. Because the number of possible pairwise interactions increases rapidly with group size, members of large social groups will benefit if they can make judgments about relationships on the basis of indirect evidence. Transitive reasoning should therefore be particularly important for social individuals, allowing assessment of relationships from observations of interactions among others. Although a variety of studies have suggested that transitive inference may be used in social settings, the phenomenon has not been demonstrated under controlled conditions in animals. Here we show that highly social pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) draw sophisticated inferences about their own dominance status relative to that of strangers that they have observed interacting with known individuals. These results directly demonstrate that animals use transitive inference in social settings and imply that such cognitive capabilities are widespread among social species. |
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Center for Avian Cognition, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA |
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1476-4687 |
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PMID:15306809 |
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refbase @ user @; Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 |
Serial |
352 |
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Author |
Parr, L.A.; de Waal, F.B. |
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Title |
Visual kin recognition in chimpanzees |
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1999 |
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Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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399 |
Issue |
6737 |
Pages |
647-648 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Face; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*physiology |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:10385114 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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195 |
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Author |
Packer, C. |
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Title |
Reciprocal altruism in Papio anubis |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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265 |
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441-445 |
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10.1038/265441a0 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4840 |
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Author |
OUSTALET E |
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Title |
Une nouvelle espèce de zèbre, |
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1882 |
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La Nature |
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10 |
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12-14 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1444 |
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Author |
Ohtsuki, H.; Iwasa, Y.; Nowak, M.A. |
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Title |
Indirect reciprocity provides only a narrow margin of efficiency for costly punishment |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Nature |
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457 |
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7225 |
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79-82 |
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Indirect reciprocity1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is a key mechanism for the evolution of human cooperation. Our behaviour towards other people depends not only on what they have done to us but also on what they have done to others. Indirect reciprocity works through reputation5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. The standard model of indirect reciprocity offers a binary choice: people can either cooperate or defect. Cooperation implies a cost for the donor and a benefit for the recipient. Defection has no cost and yields no benefit. Currently there is considerable interest in studying the effect of costly (or altruistic) punishment on human behaviour18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25. Punishment implies a cost for the punished person. Costly punishment means that the punisher also pays a cost. It has been suggested that costly punishment between individuals can promote cooperation. Here we study the role of costly punishment in an explicit model of indirect reciprocity. We analyse all social norms, which depend on the action of the donor and the reputation of the recipient. We allow errors in assigning reputation and study gossip as a mechanism for establishing coherence. We characterize all strategies that allow the evolutionary stability of cooperation. Some of those strategies use costly punishment; others do not. We find that punishment strategies typically reduce the average payoff of the population. Consequently, there is only a small parameter region where costly punishment leads to an efficient equilibrium. In most cases the population does better by not using costly punishment. The efficient strategy for indirect reciprocity is to withhold help for defectors rather than punishing them. |
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Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/nature07601 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4705 |
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Author |
Nowak, M.A.; Sigmund, K. |
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Title |
Tit for tat in heterogeneous populations |
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1992 |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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355 |
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250-253 |
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10.1038/355250a0 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4842 |
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