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Dewsbury, D.A. |
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Comparative Psychology, Ethology, and Animal Behavior |
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1989 |
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Annual Review of Psychology |
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40 |
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1 |
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581-602 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3541 |
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de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
Putting the Altruism Back into Altruism: The Evolution of Empathy |
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2008 |
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Annual Review of Psychology |
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Annu Rev Psychol |
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59 |
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1 |
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279-300 |
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Evolutionary theory postulates that altruistic behavior evolved for the return-benefits it bears the performer. For return-benefits to play a motivational role, however, they need to be experienced by the organism. Motivational analyses should restrict themselves, therefore, to the altruistic impulse and its knowable consequences. Empathy is an ideal candidate mechanism to underlie so-called directed altruism, i.e., altruism in response to anothers's pain, need, or distress. Evidence is accumulating that this mechanism is phylogenetically ancient, probably as old as mammals and birds. Perception of the emotional state of another automatically activates shared representations causing a matching emotional state in the observer. With increasing cognition, state-matching evolved into more complex forms, including concern for the other and perspective-taking. Empathy-induced altruism derives its strength from the emotional stake it offers the self in the other's welfare. The dynamics of the empathy mechanism agree with predictions from kin selection and reciprocal altruism theory. |
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Annual Reviews |
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0066-4308 |
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doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5058 |
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Boysen, S.T.; Himes, G.T. |
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Current Issues And Emerging Theories In Animal Cognition |
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1999 |
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Annual Review of Psychology |
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50 |
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1 |
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683-705 |
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Comparative cognition is an emerging interdisciplinary field with contributions from comparative psychology, cognitive/experimental and developmental psychology, animal learning, and ethology, and is poised to move toward greater understanding of animal and human information-processing, reasoning, memory, and the phylogenetic emergence of mind. This chapter highlights some current issues and discusses four areas within comparative cognition that are yielding new approaches and hypotheses for studying basic conceptual capacities in nonhuman species. These include studies of imitation, tool use, mirror self-recognition, and the potential for attribution of mental states by nonhuman animals. Though a very old question in psychology, the study of imitation continues to provide new avenues for examining the complex relationships among and between the levels of imitative behaviors exhibited by many species. Similarly, recent work in animal tool use, mirror self-recognition (with all its contentious issues), and recent attempts to empirically study the potential for attributional capacities in nonhumans, all continue to provide fresh insights and novel paradigms for addressing the defining characteristics of these complex phenomena. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Boysen1999 |
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2973 |
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