Records |
Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Clement, T.S. |
Title |
Memory mechanisms in pigeons: evidence of base-rate neglect |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
28 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
111-115 |
Keywords |
Animals; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Memory/*physiology; Random Allocation; Reaction Time; Reinforcement (Psychology); Retention (Psychology) |
Abstract |
In delayed matching to sample, once acquired, pigeons presumably choose comparisons according to their memory for (the strength of) the sample. When memory for the sample is sufficiently weak, comparison choice should depend on the history of reinforcement associated with each of the comparison stimuli. In the present research, pigeons acquired two matching tasks in which Sample S1 was associated with one comparison from each task, C1 and C3, whereas Sample S2 was associated with Comparison C2, and Sample S3 was associated with Comparison C4. As the retention interval increased, the pigeons showed a bias to choose the comparison (C1 or C3) associated with the more frequently occurring sample (S1). Thus, pigeons were sensitive also to the (irrelevant) likelihood that each of the samples was presented. The results suggest that pigeons may allow their reference memory for the overall sample frequency to influence comparison choice, independent of the comparison stimuli present. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA. zentall@pop.uky.edu |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:11868229 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
242 |
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Author |
Stoet, G.; Snyder, L.H. |
Title |
Task preparation in macaque monkeys ( Macaca mulatta) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume |
6 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
121-130 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Cognition; Conditioning, Classical; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; Reaction Time; Task Performance and Analysis; Visual Perception |
Abstract |
We investigated whether macaque monkeys possess the ability to prepare abstract tasks in advance. We trained two monkeys to use different stimulus-response (S-R) mappings. On each trial, monkeys were first informed with a visual cue which of two S-R mapping to use. Following a delay, a visual target was presented to which they would respond with a left or right button-press. We manipulated delay time between cue and target and found that performance was faster and more accurate with longer delays, suggesting that monkeys used the delay time to prepare each task in advance. |
Address |
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., Box 8108, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. stoet@pcg.wustl.edu |
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1435-9448 |
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Notes |
PMID:12721788 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2572 |
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Author |
Singer, R.A.; Klein, E.D.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
Use of a single-code/default strategy by pigeons to acquire duration sample discriminations |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Learning & behavior : a Psychonomic Society publication |
Abbreviated Journal |
Learn Behav |
Volume |
34 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
340-347 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Columbidae; *Discrimination (Psychology); *Reaction Time; Retention (Psychology); *Signal Detection (Psychology) |
Abstract |
Past evidence that pigeons may adopt a single-code/default strategy to solve duration sample discriminations may be attributable to the similarity between the intertrial interval (ITI) and the retention interval. The present experiments tested whether pigeons would adopt a single-code/default strategy when possible ITI-retention-interval ambiguity was eliminated and sample salience was increased. Previous studies of duration sample discriminations that have purported to show evidence for the use of a single-code/default coding strategy have used durations of 0, 2, and 10 sec (Zentall, Klein, and Singer, 2004). However, the results of Experiment 1 suggest that the use of a 0-sec sample may produce an artifact resulting in inadvertent present/absent sample matching. In Experiment 2, when pigeons were trained with three nonzero duration samples (2, 8, and 32 sec), clear evidence for the use of a single-code/default strategy was found. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. rasing2@uky.edu |
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ISSN |
1543-4494 |
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Notes |
PMID:17330523 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
215 |
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Author |
Nevin, J.A.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
Title |
An analysis of contrast effects in multiple schedules |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1966 |
Publication |
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Anal Behav |
Volume |
9 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
305-315 |
Keywords |
Animals; Birds; *Conditioning (Psychology); Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination Learning; *Extinction, Psychological; Male; Reaction Time; *Reinforcement (Psychology) |
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0022-5002 |
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PMID:5961499 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
392 |
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Author |
Moses, S.N.; Villate, C.; Ryan, J.D. |
Title |
An investigation of learning strategy supporting transitive inference performance in humans compared to other species |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Neuropsychologia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Neuropsychologia |
Volume |
44 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
1370-1387 |
Keywords |
Adult; Analysis of Variance; Association Learning/*physiology; *Cognition; *Concept Formation; Female; Humans; *Logic; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology; Photic Stimulation/methods; Reaction Time/physiology |
Abstract |
Generalizations about neural function are often drawn from non-human animal models to human cognition, however, the assumption of cross-species conservation may sometimes be invalid. Humans may use different strategies mediated by alternative structures, or similar structures may operate differently within the context of the human brain. The transitive inference problem, considered a hallmark of logical reasoning, can be solved by non-human species via associative learning rather than logic. We tested whether humans use similar strategies to other species for transitive inference. Results are crucial for evaluating the validity of widely accepted assumptions of similar neural substrates underlying performance in humans and other animals. Here we show that successful transitive inference in humans is unrelated to use of associative learning strategies and is associated with ability to report the hierarchical relationship among stimuli. Our work stipulates that cross-species generalizations must be interpreted cautiously, since performance on the same task may be mediated by different strategies and/or neural systems. |
Address |
Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Canada. smoses@rotman-baycrest.on.ca |
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ISSN |
0028-3932 |
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Notes |
PMID:16503340 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
153 |
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Author |
Lonon, A.M.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
Transfer of value from S+ to S- in simultaneous discriminations in humans |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
The American journal of psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Psychol |
Volume |
112 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
21-39 |
Keywords |
Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Color Perception; Columbidae; Conditioning, Classical; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; *Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; *Transfer (Psychology) |
Abstract |
When animals learn a simultaneous discrimination, some of the value of the positive stimulus (S+) appears to transfer to the negative stimulus (S-). The present experiments demonstrate that such value transfer can also be found in humans. In Experiment 1 humans were trained on 2 simple simultaneous discriminations, the first between a highly positive stimulus, A (1,000 points); and a negative stimulus, B (0 points); and the second between a less positive stimulus, C (100 points); and a negative stimulus, D (0 points). On test trials, most participants preferred B over D. In Experiments 2 and 3 the value of the 2 original discriminations was equated in training (A[100]B[0] and C[100]D[0]). In Experiment 2 the values of the positive stimuli were then altered (A[1,000]C[0]); again, most participants preferred B over D. In Experiment 3, however, when the values of B and D were altered (B[1,000]D[0]), participants were indifferent to A and C. Thus, the mechanism that underlies value transfer in humans appears to be related to Pavlovian second-order conditioning. Similar mechanisms may be involved in assimilation processes in social contexts. |
Address |
University of Kentucky, USA |
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0002-9556 |
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Notes |
PMID:10696277 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
249 |
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Author |
Houpt, K.A.; Thornton, S.N.; Allen, W.R. |
Title |
Vasopressin in dehydrated and rehydrated ponies |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Physiology & behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physiol. Behav. |
Volume |
45 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
659-661 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Dehydration/*blood; Drinking Behavior/*physiology; Female; Horses/*blood; Osmolar Concentration; Reaction Time; Time Factors; Vasopressins/*blood |
Abstract |
Six pony mares deprived of water for 24 hours showed significant increases in plasma vasopressin (2.8 pg/ml) and osmolality (9 mosmol/kg). When water was made available the ponies drank rapidly (5 of 6 drank to satiety within 90 seconds) and corrected their fluid deficits precisely. Vasopressin did not return to predehydration levels until osmolality did after 15 minutes of access to water. The horse differs from rodents and humans, but is similar to pigs in that vasopressin levels do not fall before osmolality returns to normal. Oropharyngeal factors, therefore, may not be as important in vasopressin release in horses as in other species. |
Address |
New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853-6401 |
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0031-9384 |
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PMID:2756059 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
45 |
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Author |
Horowitz, A.C. |
Title |
Do humans ape? Or do apes human? Imitation and intention in humans (Homo sapiens) and other animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
Volume |
117 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
325-336 |
Keywords |
Adolescent; Adult; Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Child, Preschool; Concept Formation; Female; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; Male; Motivation; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Problem Solving; *Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; Species Specificity |
Abstract |
A. Whiten, D. M. Custance, J.-C. Gomez, P. Teixidor, and K. A. Bard (1996) tested chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) and human children's (Homo sapiens) skills at imitation with a 2-action test on an “artificial fruit.” Chimpanzees imitated to a restricted degree; children were more thoroughly imitative. Such results prompted some to assert that the difference in imitation indicates a difference in the subjects' understanding of the intentions of the demonstrator (M. Tomasello, 1996). In this experiment, 37 adult human subjects were tested with the artificial fruit. Far from being perfect imitators, the adults were less imitative than the children. These results cast doubt on the inference from imitative performance to an ability to understand others' intentions. The results also demonstrate how any test of imitation requires a control group and attention to the level of behavioral analysis. |
Address |
Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. ahorowitz@crl.ucsd.edu |
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Washington, D.C. : 1983 |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:14498809 |
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yes |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
736 |
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Author |
Hinson, R.E. |
Title |
Effects of UCS preexposure on excitatory and inhibitory rabbit eyelid conditioning: an associative effect of conditioned contextual stimuli |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
8 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
49-61 |
Keywords |
Animals; Association Learning; Cognition; *Conditioning, Eyelid; *Inhibition (Psychology); Practice (Psychology); Rabbits; Reaction Time |
Abstract |
Preconditioning experience with the unconditional stimulus (UCS) retards subsequent excitatory conditioning. Three experiments demonstrated that this UCS retardation effect is attenuated by associative manipulations of contextual stimuli of the UCS preexposure environment. The UCS retardation effect was reduced by (a) altering contextual stimuli between preexposure and conditioning (Experiment 1), (b) latently inhibiting contextual stimuli prior to UCS preexposure (Experiment 2), and (c) extinguishing contextual stimuli subsequent to UCS preexposure (Experiment 3). Although UCS preexposure retarded excitatory conditioning, the results of Experiment 4 demonstrated that UCS preexposure facilitated inhibitory conditioning. These results indicate that an association between contextual stimuli and the preexposed UCS contributes to the effects of preconditioning UCS experience on subsequent learning. |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:7057144 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2787 |
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Author |
Fremouw, T.; Herbranson, W.T.; Shimp, C.P. |
Title |
Dynamic shifts of pigeon local/global attention |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume |
5 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
233-243 |
Keywords |
Animals; Attention/*physiology; *Behavior, Animal; Columbidae/*physiology; Male; Reaction Time; Visual Perception/*physiology |
Abstract |
It has previously been shown that pigeons can shift attention between parts and wholes of complex stimuli composed of larger, “global” characters constructed from smaller, “local” characters. The base-rate procedure used biased target level within any condition at either the local or global level; targets were more likely at one level than at the other. Biasing of target level in this manner demonstrated shifts of local/global attention over a time span consisting of several days with a fixed base rate. Experiment 1 examined the possibility that pigeons can shift attention between local and global levels of perceptual analysis in seconds rather than days. The experiment used priming cues the color of which predicted on a trial-by-trial basis targets at different perceptual levels. The results confirmed that pigeons, like humans, can display highly dynamic stimulus-driven shifts of local/global attention. Experiment 2 changed spatial relations between features of priming cues and features of targets within a task otherwise similar to that used in experiment 1. It was predicted that this change in cues might affect asymmetry but not the occurrence of a priming effect. A priming effect was again obtained, thereby providing generality to the claim that pigeons can learn that trial-by-trial primes predict targets at different levels of perceptual analysis. Pigeons can display perceptual, stimulus-driven priming of a highly dynamic nature. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:12461601 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2589 |
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