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Author  |
Sato, S.; Sako, S.; Maeda, A. | ||||
| Title | Social licking patterns in cattle (<em>Bos taurus</em>): influence of environmental and social factors | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1991 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
| Volume | 32 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 3-12 |
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| Abstract | To investigate the functions of social licking in cattle, four calves (one heifer and one steer in each of two herds), known to exhibit frequent social licking were observed continuously for 2 h before sunset for 13 days, using the focal animal sampling method. Calves were observed under various environmental conditions. Social licking significantly decreased on rainy days and tended to increase in a dirty barn and when food was restricted. Solicitation for social licking occurred not only from dominant animals of pairs but also from subordinates. Of the licking interactions, 31% occurred following solicitation, and these accounted for 39% of the total time spent licking. Following solicitation, 78% of social licking was oriented to the head and the neck regions that were inaccessible to self-licking animals. Unsolicited licking, however, was oriented not only to the head and the neck but also to the back and the rump regions, and these two latter regions were the major ones to receive licking. The effect of social relationships on social licking was investigated using least-squares analysis of variance. Social factors investigated were the difference of dominance values, the dominance-subordinance relationship, and kinship and familiarity; the sex of calves involved was also considered. Only familiarity had a significant effect on licking; exchanges of social licking increased with length of cohabitation. We suggest that social licking may have a cleaning effect, a tension-reducing effect and a bonding effect. | ||||
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| Publisher | Elsevier | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(05)80158-3 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6409 | ||
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| Author |
Schmidt, M.; Lipson, H. | ||||
| Title | Distilling Free-Form Natural Laws from Experimental Data | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Science | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 324 | Issue | 5923 | Pages | 81-85 |
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| Abstract | For centuries, scientists have attempted to identify and document analytical laws that underlie physical phenomena in nature. Despite the prevalence of computing power, the process of finding natural laws and their corresponding equations has resisted automation. A key challenge to finding analytic relations automatically is defining algorithmically what makes a correlation in observed data important and insightful. We propose a principle for the identification of nontriviality. We demonstrated this approach by automatically searching motion-tracking data captured from various physical systems, ranging from simple harmonic oscillators to chaotic double-pendula. Without any prior knowledge about physics, kinematics, or geometry, the algorithm discovered Hamiltonians, Lagrangians, and other laws of geometric and momentum conservation. The discovery rate accelerated as laws found for simpler systems were used to bootstrap explanations for more complex systems, gradually uncovering the “alphabet” used to describe those systems. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1126/science.1165893 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5264 | ||
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| Author |
Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.; Marler, P. | ||||
| Title | Monkey responses to three different alarm calls: evidence of predator classification and semantic communication | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1980 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 210 | Issue | 4471 | Pages | 801-803 |
| Keywords | *Animal Communication; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cercopithecidae/*physiology; *Fear; Female; Male; Predatory Behavior; Vocalization, Animal | ||||
| Abstract | Vervet monkeys give different alarm calls to different predators. Recordings of the alarms played back when predators were absent caused the monkeys to run into trees for leopard alarms, look up for eagle alarms, and look down for snake alarms. Adults call primarily to leopards, martial eagles, and pythons, but infants give leopard alarms to various mammals, eagle alarms to many birds, and snake alarms to various snakelike objects. Predator classification improves with age and experience. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0036-8075 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:7433999 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 351 | ||
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| Author |
Silk, J.B. | ||||
| Title | Social Components of Fitness in Primate Groups | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Science | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 317 | Issue | 5843 | Pages | 1347-1351 |
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| Abstract | There is much interest in the evolutionary forces that favored the evolution of large brains in the primate order. The social brain hypothesis posits that selection has favored larger brains and more complex cognitive capacities as a means to cope with the challenges of social life. The hypothesis is supported by evidence that shows that group size is linked to various measures of brain size. But it has not been clear how cognitive complexity confers fitness advantages on individuals. Research in the field and laboratory shows that sophisticated social cognition underlies social behavior in primate groups. Moreover, a growing body of evidence suggests that the quality of social relationships has measurable fitness consequences for individuals. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1126/science.1140734 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4239 | ||
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| Author |
Silk, J.B.; Alberts, S.C.; Altmann, J. | ||||
| Title | Social Bonds of Female Baboons Enhance Infant Survival | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Science | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 302 | Issue | 5648 | Pages | 1231-1234 |
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| Abstract | Among nonhuman primates, females often form strong bonds with kin and other group members. These relationships are thought to have adaptive value for females, but direct effects of sociality on fitness have never been demonstrated. We present 16 years of behavioral data from a well-studied population of wild baboons, which demonstrate that sociality of adult females is positively associated with infant survival, an important component of variation in female lifetime fitness. The effects of sociality on infant survival are independent of the effects of dominance rank, group membership, and environmental conditions. Our results are consistent with the evidence that social support has beneficial effects on human health and well-being across the life span. For humans and other primates, sociality has adaptive value. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1126/science.1088580 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5151 | ||
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| Author |
Singh,M.; Singh,M.; Sharma, A. K.; Krishna B. A. | ||||
| Title | Methodological considerations in measurement of dominance in primates | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | CURRENT SCIENCE | Abbreviated Journal | CURRENT SCIENCE |
| Volume | 84 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 709-713 |
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| Abstract | The strength of dominance hierarchy in a group of animals needs to be quantitatively measured since it influences many other aspects of social interactions. This article discusses three attempts made by previous researchers to measure the strength of hierarchy. We propose a method which attempts to rectify the lacunae in the previous attempts. Data are used from a group of Japanese macaques housed in a colony. A method to calculate strength of hierarchy has been illustrated and a procedure has been suggested to normalize the dominance scores in order to place the ranks of individuals on an interval scale. |
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| Publisher | Biopsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, India | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2860 | ||
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| Author |
Steinhoff-Wagner, J. | ||||
| Title | Coat Clipping of Horses: A Survey | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2019 | Publication | Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science | Abbreviated Journal | Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science |
| Volume | 22 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 171-187 |
| Keywords | Equine, thermoregulation, shaving, winter pelage removal | ||||
| Abstract | Coat clipping is a common practice in sport horses; however, timing, purpose, technique, and clips vary widely, as do the management and feeding of a clipped horse. The aim of this study was to collect data regarding common clipping practices. A questionnaire was published online in Germany and contained 32 questions. Four hundred ninety-eight people answered at least one question, and 373 individuals (7% male, 93% female; ages 14–59 years) completed all the questions. Clipped horses were predominantly used as sport horses (68%), and they were either clipped immediately before or during the winter season (88%) or year-round (7%). The clipping date was scheduled according to hair length (52%), sweat amount (47%), and drying time (47%). Participants primarily used two clips: the hunter clip and the blanket clip, both without clipping the head (23% each). The majority of the clipped horses wore a blanket day and night (> 90%). Future studies with observations in the field are needed to support survey data in an effort to develop welfare recommendations for clipping practices utilized with horses. | ||||
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| Publisher | Routledge | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 1088-8705 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | doi: 10.1080/10888705.2018.1454319 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6613 | ||
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| Author |
Straub, A. | ||||
| Title | An intelligent crow beats a lab | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 316 | Issue | 5825 | Pages | 688 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; *Crows; Dogs; Intelligence; Memory | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:17478698 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4102 | ||
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| Author |
Subiaul, F.; Cantlon, J.F.; Holloway, R.L.; Terrace, H.S. | ||||
| Title | Cognitive imitation in rhesus macaques | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 305 | Issue | 5682 | Pages | 407-410 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Cognition; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Macaca mulatta/*physiology/psychology; Male | ||||
| Abstract | Experiments on imitation typically evaluate a student's ability to copy some feature of an expert's motor behavior. Here, we describe a type of observational learning in which a student copies a cognitive rule rather than a specific motor action. Two rhesus macaques were trained to respond, in a prescribed order, to different sets of photographs that were displayed on a touch-sensitive monitor. Because the position of the photographs varied randomly from trial to trial, sequences could not be learned by motor imitation. Both monkeys learned new sequences more rapidly after observing an expert execute those sequences than when they had to learn new sequences entirely by trial and error. | ||||
| Address | Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. subiaul@aol.com | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15256673 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2839 | ||
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| Author |
Thornton, A.; McAuliffe, K. | ||||
| Title | Teaching in wild meerkats | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 313 | Issue | 5784 | Pages | 227-229 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Animals, Wild/psychology; Behavior, Animal; *Herpestidae/psychology; *Learning; *Predatory Behavior; South Africa; *Teaching; Vocalization, Animal | ||||
| Abstract | Despite the obvious benefits of directed mechanisms that facilitate the efficient transfer of skills, there is little critical evidence for teaching in nonhuman animals. Using observational and experimental data, we show that wild meerkats (Suricata suricatta) teach pups prey-handling skills by providing them with opportunities to interact with live prey. In response to changing pup begging calls, helpers alter their prey-provisioning methods as pups grow older, thus accelerating learning without the use of complex cognition. The lack of evidence for teaching in species other than humans may reflect problems in producing unequivocal support for the occurrence of teaching, rather than the absence of teaching. | ||||
| Address | Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. jant2@cam.ac.uk | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16840701 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2834 | ||
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