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Author | Urcuioli, P.J.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
Title | Retrospective coding in pigeons' delayed matching-to-sample | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1986 | Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume | 12 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 69-77 |
Keywords | Animals; *Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; *Form Perception; *Memory; *Mental Recall; Orientation; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Retention (Psychology) | ||||
Abstract | In this study we examined how coding processes in pigeons' delayed matching-to-sample were affected by the stimuli to be remembered. In Experiment 1, two groups of pigeons initially learned 0-delay matching-to-sample with identical comparison stimuli (vertical and horizontal lines) but with different sample stimuli (red and green hues or vertical and horizontal lines). Longer delays were then introduced between sample offset and comparison onset to assess whether pigeons were prospectively coding the same events (viz., the correct line comparisons) or retrospectively coding different events (viz., their respective sample stimuli). The hue-sample group matched more accurately and showed a slower rate of forgetting than the line-sample group. In Experiment 2, pigeons were trained with either hues or lines as both sample and comparison stimuli, or with hue samples and line comparisons or vice versa. Subsequent delay tests revealed that the hue-sample groups remembered more accurately and generally showed slower rates of forgetting than the line-sample groups. Comparison dimension had little or no effect on performance. Together, these data suggest that pigeons retrospectively code the samples in delayed matching-to-sample. | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:3701260 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 263 | ||
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Author | Urcuioli, P.J.; DeMarse, T.B.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
Title | Transfer across delayed discriminations: II. Differences in the substitutability of initial versus test stimuli | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume | 24 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 47-59 |
Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae/physiology; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/*physiology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Retention (Psychology)/physiology | ||||
Abstract | In 2 experiments, pigeons were trained on, and then transferred to, delayed simple discriminations in which the initial stimuli signalled reinforcement versus extinction following a retention interval. Experiment 1 showed that discriminative responding on the retention test transferred to novel test stimuli that had appeared in another delayed simple discrimination but not to stimuli having the same reinforcement history off-baseline. By contrast, Experiment 2 showed that performances transferred to novel initial stimuli whether they had been trained on-baseline or off-baseline. These results suggest that the test stimuli in delayed simple discriminations acquire control over responding only in the memory task itself. On the other hand, control by the initial stimuli, if coded as outcome expectancies, does not require such task-specific training. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1364, USA. uche@psych.purdue.edu | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:9438965 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 253 | ||
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Author | Treichler, F.R.; Van Tilburg, D. | ||||
Title | Concurrent Conditional Discrimination Tests of Transitive Inference by Macaque Monkeys: List Linking | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume | 22 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 105-117 |
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Abstract | Processing of serial information was assessed by training six macaques on a five-item list of objects arranged into the four conditional pairs, A-B+, B-C+, C-D+, and D-E+. An analogous list (F through J) was similarly trained. Subsequently, both lists were linked by training on E-F+, a pair that provided adjacent elements from each list. Then, all unique and trained object pairs from both lists were presented as a test. Results indicated that the objects were retained as a single, linearly organized list with choice accuracy directly related to interitem distance between paired objects. A second experiment explored the consequences of incidence of conflicting information on list organization. In both experiments, selections depended on representational processes and supported the view that monkeys and pigeons retain serial lists in qualitatively different ways. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 718 | ||
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Author | Touma, C.; Palme, R.; Sachser, N. | ||||
Title | Analyzing corticosterone metabolites in fecal samples of mice: a noninvasive technique to monitor stress hormones | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Hormones and Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Horm Behav |
Volume | 45 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 10-22 |
Keywords | Adrenal Cortex/drug effects; Adrenal Cortex Function Tests; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/pharmacology; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Circadian Rhythm; Corticosterone/*analysis/metabolism; Dexamethasone/pharmacology; Feces/*chemistry; Female; Immunoenzyme Techniques/*methods; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Animal; Reproducibility of Results; Stress, Psychological/*metabolism | ||||
Abstract | In small animals like mice, the monitoring of endocrine functions over time is constrained seriously by the adverse effects of blood sampling. Therefore, noninvasive techniques to monitor, for example, stress hormones in these animals are highly demanded in laboratory as well as in field research. The aim of our study was to evaluate the biological relevance of a recently developed technique to monitor stress hormone metabolites in fecal samples of laboratory mice. In total, six experiments were performed using six male and six female mice each. Two adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge tests, two dexamethasone (Dex) suppression tests and two control experiments [investigating effects of the injection procedure itself and the diurnal variation (DV) of glucocorticoids (GCs), respectively] were conducted. The experiments clearly demonstrated that pharmacological stimulation and suppression of adrenocortical activity was reflected accurately by means of corticosterone metabolite (CM) measurements in the feces of males and females. Furthermore, the technique proved sensitive enough to detect dosage-dependent effects of the ACTH/Dex treatment and facilitated to reveal profound effects of the injection procedure itself. Even the naturally occurring DV of GCs could be monitored reliably. Thus, our results confirm that measurement of fecal CM with the recently established 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,11beta,21-triol-20-one enzyme immunoassay is a very powerful tool to monitor adrenocortical activity in laboratory mice. Since mice represent the vast majority of all rodents used for research worldwide and the number of transgenic and knockout mice utilized as animal models is still increasing, this noninvasive technique can open new perspectives in biomedical and behavioral science. | ||||
Address | Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany. touma@uni-muenster.de | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0018-506X | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:14733887 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4084 | ||
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Author | Tommasi, L.; Vallortigara, G. | ||||
Title | Searching for the center: spatial cognition in the domestic chick (Gallus gallus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume | 26 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 477-486 |
Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Chickens; Cognition/*physiology; Learning/physiology; Male; Space Perception/*physiology; Spatial Behavior/*physiology | ||||
Abstract | Chicks learned to find food hidden under sawdust by ground-scratching in the central position of the floor of a closed arena. When tested inan arena of identical shape but a larger area, chicks searched at 2 different locations, one corresponding to the correct distance (i.e., center) in the smaller (training) arena and the other to the actual center of the test arena. When tested in an arena of the same shape but a smaller area, chicks searched in the center of it. These results suggest that chicks are able to encode information on the absolute and relative distance of the food from the walls of the arena. After training in the presence of a landmark located at the center of the arena, animals searched at the center even after the removal of the landmark. Marked changes in the height of the walls of the arena produced some displacement in searching behavior, suggesting that chicks used the angular size of the walls to estimate distances. | ||||
Address | Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:11056887 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2774 | ||
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Author | Tomkins, L.M.; Williams, K.A.; Thomson, P.C.; McGreevy, P.D. | ||||
Title | Sensory Jump Test as a measure of sensory (visual) lateralization in dogs (Canis familiaris) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Journal of Veterinary Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 5 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 256-267 |
Keywords | sensory lateralization; monocular vision; binocular vision; jump kinematics; dog | ||||
Abstract | Sensory lateralization in dogs (n = 74) was investigated in this study using our innovation, the Sensory Jump Test. This required the modification of head halters to create three different ocular treatments (binocular, right, and left monocular vision) for eye preference assessment in a jumping task. Ten jumps were recorded as a jump set for each treatment. Measurements recorded included (i) launch and landing paws, (ii) type of jump, (iii) approach distance, (iv) clearance height of the forepaw, hindpaw, and the lowest part of the body to clear the jump, and (v) whether the jump was successful. Factors significantly associated with these jump outcomes included ocular treatment, jump set number, and replication number. Most notably, in the first jump set, findings indicated a left hemispheric dominance for the initial navigation of the Sensory Jump Test, as left monocular vision (LMV) compromised of jumping more than right monocular (RMV) and binocular vision, with a significantly reduced approach distance and forepaw clearance observed in dogs with LMV. However, by the third jump set, dogs undergoing LMV launched from a greater approach distance and with a higher clearance height, corresponding to an increase in success rate of the jump, in comparison with RMV and binocular vision dogs. A marginally non-significant RMV bias was observed for eye preference based on the laterality indices for approach distance (P = 0.060) and lowest body part clearance height (P = 0.067). A comparison between eye preference and launching or landing paws showed no association between these measures of sensory and motor laterality. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on sensory lateralization in the dog, and furthermore, to compare both motor and sensory laterality in dogs. | ||||
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ISSN | 1558-7878 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ S1558-7878(10)00019-5 | Serial | 5379 | ||
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Author | Templeton, J.J.; Giraldeau, L.-A. | ||||
Title | Vicarious sampling: the use of personal and public information by starlings foraging in a simple patchy environment | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
Volume | 38 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 105-114 |
Keywords | Social foraging ? Patch sampling ? Public information ? Sturnidae | ||||
Abstract | Group foragers may be able to assess patch quality more efficiently by paying attention to the sampling activities of conspecifics foraging in the same patch. In a previous field experiment, we showed that starlings foraging on patches of hidden food could use the successful foraging activities of others to help them assess patch quality. In order to determine whether a starling could also use another individual's lack of foraging success to assess and depart from empty patches more quickly, we carried out two experimental studies which compared the behaviour of captive starlings sampling artificial patches both when alone and when in pairs. Solitary starlings were first trained to assess patch quality in our experimental two-patch system, and were then tested on an empty patch both alone and with two types of partner bird. One partner sampled very few holes and thus provided a low amount of public information; the other sampled numerous holes and thus provided a high amount of public information. In experiment 1, we found no evidence of vicarious sampling. Subjects sampled a similar number of empty holes when alone as when with the low and high information partners; thus they continued to rely on their own personal information to make their patch departure decisions. In experiment 2, we modified the experimental patches, increasing the ease with which a bird could watch another's sampling activities, and increasing the difficulty of acquiring accurate personal sampling information. This time, subjects apparently did use public information, sampling fewer empty holes before departure when with the high-information partner than when with the low-information partner, and sampling fewer holes when with the low-information partner than when alone. We suggest that the degree to which personal and public information are used is likely to depend both on a forager's ability to remember where it has already sampled and on the type of environment in which foraging takes place. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4198 | ||
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Author | Taillon, J.; Côté, S. | ||||
Title | Are faecal hormone levels linked to winter progression, diet quality and social rank in young ungulates ? An experiment with white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) fawns | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
Volume | 62 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 675-677 |
Keywords | Diet quality – Glucocorticoids – Social rank – Testosterone – White-tailed deer | ||||
Abstract | Abstract Hormones play a central role in the physiology and behaviour of animals. The recent development of noninvasive techniques has increased information on physical and social states of individuals through hormone measurements. The relationships among hormones, life history traits and behaviours are, however, still poorly known. For the first time, we evaluated natural winter glucocorticoid and testosterone levels in young ungulates in relation to winter progression, diet quality and social rank. Overwinter, levels of glucocorticoid and testosterone decreased, possibly due to the decline of fawns" body mass. The relationships between hormone levels and diet quality were surprising: Fawns fed the control diet presented higher glucocorticoid and lower testosterone levels then fawns fed the poor diet, suggesting that control fawns faced a higher nutritional stress than those on the poor diet. Similarly to other studies on social mammals, we found no relationship between faecal glucocorticoid levels and social rank, suggesting that social stress was similar for dominant and subordinate fawns during winter. Testosterone levels were not correlated to social rank as found previously in groups of individuals forming stable social hierarchies and maintaining stable dominance relationships. The simultaneous suppression of glucocorticoid and testosterone levels suggests for the first time that young ungulates present a hormonal strategy to prevent fast depletion of limited proteins and fat resources during winter. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4423 | ||
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Author | SYLVAIN GAGNON,FRANCOISY. DORE | ||||
Title | Search behavior of dogs (Canis familiaris) in invisible displacement problems | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1993 | Publication | Animal Learning & Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Anim Learn. & Behav. |
Volume | 21 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 246-254 |
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Abstract | Gagnon and Dor (1992) showed that domestic dogs are able to solve a Piagetian object permanence task called the invisible displacement problem. A toy is hidden in a container which is moved behind a screen where the toy is removed and left. Dogs make more errors in these problems than they do in visible displacement tests, in which the object is hidden directly behind the target screen. In Experiment 1, we examinedcomponents ofthe standard procedure of invisible displacements that may make encoding or retention of the hiding location more difficult than it is in visible displacements. In Experiment 2, we compared dogs performances in visible and invisible displacement problems when delays of 0, 10, and 20 sec were introduced between the objects final disappearance and the subjects release. The results revealed that dogs poorer performance in invisible displacement tests is related to the complex sequence of events that have to be encoded or remembered as well as to a difficulty in representing the position change that is signaled, but not directly perceived. |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 538 | ||
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Author | Sterck, E.; Watts, D.; van Schaik, C. | ||||
Title | The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
Volume | 41 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 291-309 |
Keywords | ecology; matrilocal; primate; social; theory | ||||
Abstract | Considerable interspeci®c variation in female social relationships occurs in gregarious primates, particularly with regard to agonism and cooperation between females and to the quality of female relationships with males. This variation exists alongside variation in female philopatry and dispersal. Socioecological theories have tried to explain variation in female-female social relationships from an evolutionary perspective focused on ecological factors, notably predation and food distribution. According to the current ``ecological model'', predation risk forces females of most diurnal primate species to live in groups; the strength of the contest component of competition for resources within and between groups then largely determines social relationships between females. Social elationships among gregarious females are here characterized as DispersalEgalitarian, Resident-Nepotistic, Resident-Nepotistic-Tolerant, or Resident-Egalitarian. This ecological model has successfully explained i€erences in the occurrence of formal submission signals, decided dominance relation ships, coalitions and female philopatry. Group size and female rank generally a€ect female reproduction success as the model predicts, and studies of closely related species in di€erent ecological circumstances underscore the importance of the model. Some cases, however, can only be explained when we extend the model to incorporate the e€ects of infanticide risk and habitat saturation. We review evidence in support of the ecological model and test the power of alternative models that invoke between-group competition, forced female philopatry, demographic female recruitment, male interventions into female aggression, and male harassment. Not one of these models can replace the ecological model, which already encompasses the between-group competition. Currently the best model, which explains several phenomena that the ecological model does not, is a ``socioecological model'' based on the combined importance of ecological factors, habitat saturation and infanticide avoidance. We note some points of similarity and divergence with other mammalian taxa; these remain to be explored in detail. |
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5227 | ||
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