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Author | Krueger, K.; Koenig von Borstel, U. | ||||
Title | Wie Pferde lernen | Type | Book Chapter | ||
Year | 2014 | Publication | Pferde verstehen – Umgang und Bodenarbeit | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 56-82 | ||
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Publisher | FN Verlag der deutschen Reiterlichen Vereinigung GmbH | Place of Publication | Warendorf | Editor | Deutsche Reiterliche Vereinigung e.V. |
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ISSN | ISBN | 978-3-88542-793-3 | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5943 | ||
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Author | Krueger, K.; Krueger, K. | ||||
Title | Trainingslehre für Dressurpferde [Training the Dressage Horse] | Type | Book Whole | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Publisher | Xenophon Verlag | Place of Publication | Wald | Editor | |
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6007 | ||
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Author | Krueger, K.; Lerbs, S. | ||||
Title | Die Schiefe, und die motorische sowie sensorische Lateralität des Pferdes | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2013 | Publication | Jahrestagung der DVG, Fachgruppe: Tierschutz & Ethologie und Tierhaltung Umwelt und Tierhygiene | Abbreviated Journal | |
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ISSN | ISBN | ISBN 978-3-86345-177-6 | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5951 | ||
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Author | Krueger, K.; Marr, I.; Dobler, A.; Palme, R. | ||||
Title | Preservation of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites and immunoglobulin A through silica gel drying for field studies in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2019 | Publication | Conservation Physiology | Abbreviated Journal | conphys |
Volume | 7 | Issue | 1 | Pages | |
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Abstract | Non-invasive methods enable stress evaluation through measuring fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the feces avoiding stressful blood drawing or stressful restraining of animals in the field. However, FGMs and IgA are mostly analysed in freshly frozen samples, which is difficult when fresh samples cannot be frozen immediately or frozen samples cannot be stored or transported. Good results were also derived from air-dried fecal samples, which are hampered by unstable air humidity in the field. These difficulties may be overcome, when drying of samples could be induced with colorless silica gel (SiO2) granules in a secure set-up, such as an air tight tube. We determined the speed of drying 1.5 g of a fresh fecal sample from six horses on air and on silica gel. Furthermore, FGMs and IgA were analysed in differently stored subsamples from 12 horses: in frozen fecal samples, in air- or silica gel-dried samples stored for 1 day and for 7 days, and in wet fecal samples kept in a tube at room temperature for 7 days. FGM levels remained stable in feces dried on air or on silica gel for 7 days, whereas IgA quantities showed a significant loss. Under field conditions, when freezing or transporting the frozen samples is not possible and humidity hampers air drying, drying samples on silica gel in air tight tubes appears to be very helpful and reliable for analysing FGMs. | ||||
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ISSN | 2051-1434 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6594 | ||
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Author | Krueger, K.; Marr, I.; Farmer, K. | ||||
Title | Equine Cognition | Type | Book Chapter | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-11 | ||
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Publisher | Springer International Publishing | Place of Publication | Cham | Editor | Vonk, J.; Shackelford, T. |
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ISSN | ISBN | 978-3-319-47829-6 | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ Krueger2017 | Serial | 6181 | ||
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Author | Krueger, K.; Schneider, G.; Flauger, B.; Heinze, J. | ||||
Title | Context-dependent third-party intervention in agonistic encounters of male Przewalski horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
Volume | 121 | Issue | Pages | 54-62 | |
Keywords | Equus ferus przewalskii; Group conflict; Rank orders; Social bonds; Social control; Third-party intervention | ||||
Abstract | Abstract One mechanism to resolve conflict among group members is third party intervention, for which several functions, such as kin protection, alliance formation, and the promotion of group cohesion have been proposed. Still, empirical research on the function of intervention behaviour is rare. We studied 40 cases of intervention behaviour in a field study on 13 semi-wild bachelor horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) in (a) standard social situations, and (b) when new horses joined the group (i.e. introductions). Only interventions in agonistic encounters were analysed. Eight of 13 animals directed intervention behaviour toward threatening animal in agonistic encounters of group members. One stallion was particularly active. The stallions did not intervene to support former group mates or kin and interventions were not reciprocated. In introduction situations and in standard social situations, the interveners supported animals which were lower in rank, but targeted, threatening animals of comparable social rank. After introductions, stallions received more affiliative behaviour from animals they supported and thus appeared to intervene for alliance formation. In standard social situations, interveners did not receive more affiliative behaviour from animals they supported and may primarily have intervened to promote group cohesion and to reduce social disruption within the group. | ||||
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ISSN | 0376-6357 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5925 | ||
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Author | Krueger, K.; Schwarz, S.; Marr, I.; Farmer, K. | ||||
Title | Laterality in Horse Training: Psychological and Physical Balance and Coordination and Strength Rather Than Straightness | Type | Magazine Article | ||
Year | 2022 | Publication | Animals | Abbreviated Journal | Animals |
Volume | 12 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 1042 |
Keywords | balance; body asymmetry; equitation; horse; motor laterality; sensory laterality; stress; welfare | ||||
Abstract | For centuries, a goal of training in many equestrian disciplines has been to straighten the horse, which is considered a key element in achieving its responsiveness and suppleness. However, laterality is a naturally occurring phenomenon in horses and encompasses body asymmetry, motor laterality and sensory laterality. Furthermore, forcibly counterbalancing motor laterality has been considered a cause of psychological imbalance in humans. Perhaps asymmetry and laterality should rather be accepted, with a focus on training psychological and physical balance, coordination and equal strength on both sides instead of enforcing “straightness”. To explore this, we conducted a review of the literature on the function and causes of motor and sensory laterality in horses, especially in horses when trained on the ground or under a rider. The literature reveals that body asymmetry is innate but does not prevent the horse from performing at a high level under a rider. Motor laterality is equally distributed in feral horses, while in domestic horses, age, breed, training and carrying a rider may cause left leg preferences. Most horses initially observe novel persons and potentially threatening objects or situations with their left sensory organs. Pronounced preferences for the use of left sensory organs or limbs indicate that the horse is experiencing increased emotionality or stress, and long-term insufficiencies in welfare, housing or training may result in left shifts in motor and sensory laterality and pessimistic mentalities. Therefore, increasing laterality can be regarded as an indicator for insufficiencies in housing, handling and training. We propose that laterality be recognized as a welfare indicator and that straightening the horse should be achieved by conducting training focused on balance, coordination and equal strength on both sides. | ||||
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Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | Animals | ||
Series Volume | 12 | Series Issue | 8 | Edition | |
ISSN | 2076-2615 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6670 | ||
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Author | Krueger, K.; Trager, L.; Farmer, K.; Byrne, R. | ||||
Title | Tool Use in Horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2022 | Publication | Animals | Abbreviated Journal | Animals |
Volume | 12 | Issue | 15 | Pages | 1876 |
Keywords | crowdsourcing; horse; innovation; mule; management; tool use | ||||
Abstract | Tool use has not yet been confirmed in horses, mules or donkeys. As this subject is difficult to research with conventional methods, we used a crowdsourcing approach to gather data. We contacted equid owners and carers and asked them to report and video examples of �unusual� behaviour via a dedicated website. We also searched YouTube and Facebook for videos of equids showing tool use. From 635 reports, including 1014 behaviours, we found 20 cases of tool use, 13 of which were unambiguous in that it was clear that the behaviour was not trained, caused by reduced welfare, incidental or accidental. We then assessed (a) the effect of management conditions on tool use and (b) whether the animals used tools alone, or socially, involving other equids or humans. We found that management restrictions were associated with corresponding tool use in 12 of the 13 cases (p = 0.01), e.g., equids using sticks to scrape hay within reach when feed was restricted. Furthermore, 8 of the 13 cases involved other equids or humans, such as horses using brushes to groom others. The most frequent tool use was for foraging, with seven examples, tool use for social purposes was seen in four cases, and there was just one case of tool use for escape. There was just one case of tool use for comfort, and in this instance, there were no management restrictions. Equids therefore can develop tool use, especially when management conditions are restricted, but it is a rare occurrence. | ||||
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Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | Animals | ||
Series Volume | 12 | Series Issue | 15 | Edition | |
ISSN | 2076-2615 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6695 | ||
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Author | Krueger, K.; Heinze, J. | ||||
Title | Horse sense: social status of horses (Equus caballus) affects their likelihood of copying other horses` behavior | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 11 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 431-439 |
Keywords | copying, horse, social cognition, sociality | ||||
Abstract | Animals that live in stable social groups need to gather information on their own relative position in the group`s social hierarchy, either by directly threatening or challenging others, or in a less costly manner, by observing interactions among others. Such indirect inference of dominance relationships has previously been reported from primates, rats, and birds and fish. Here, we show that domestic horses, Equus caballus, are similarly capable of social cognition. Taking advantage of a specific “following behavior” that horses show towards humans in a riding arena, we investigated whether bystander horses adjust their response to an experimenter according to the observed interaction and their own dominance relationship with the horse whose reaction to the experimenter they had observed before. Horses copied the following behavior towards an experimenter after watching a dominant horse following, but did not follow after observing a subordinate horse or a horse from another social group doing so. The following behavior which horses show towards an experimenter therefore appears to be affected by the demonstrator`s behavior and social status relative to the observer. | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4324 | ||
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Author | Marr, I.; Bauer, T.; Farmer, K.; Krueger, K. | ||||
Title | Gibt die sensorische Lateralität im Objekttest Aufschluss über das Interieur, den aktuellen Gemütszustand, oder den Trainingszustand der Pferde? | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2016 | Publication | 33. FFP-Jahrestagung | Abbreviated Journal | |
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Abstract | Vor dem obersten Ziel der klassischen Ausbildungsskala für Pferde, die Versammlung, steht das Geraderichten. Ein jedes Pferd ist jedoch von Geburt an asymmetrisch, also schief. Hinter dieser Schiefe verbirgt sich nicht nur die natürliche Schiefe (asymmetrische muskuläre Entwicklung der beiden Körperhälften), die von Geburt an zu beobachten ist, sondern auch die sensorische und motorische Lateralität, also dem ungleichmäßigen Gebrauch der rechten oder linken Sinnesorgane sowie Gliedmaßen, der sich mit der Reifung des Gehirns entwickelt. Alle drei müssen als eigenständige Faktoren, die sich gegenseitig beeinflussen, gesehen werden (Krüger 2014). Um den Weg des Geraderichtens zu erleichtern, sollte in der Ausbildung eines Pferdes nicht nur an der natürlichen Schiefe gearbeitet werden, sondern auch die sensorische und motorische Lateralität beachtet werden um den Prozess des Geraderichtens für das Pferd zu erleichtern. Die sensorische und motorische Lateralität resultiert aus der Aufgabenteilung/Spezialisierung beider Gehirnhälften (Hemisphären) (Rogers 2010). Die rechte Hemisphäre ist dabei für die Verarbeitung von Emotionen (z.B. Angst, Aggression, Freude, Zufriedenheit) sowie für lebenserhaltende Spontanreaktionen zuständig. Die linke Hemisphäre ist für die rationale Verarbeitung von Informationen essentiell (Adolphs et al. 1996, Rogers 2010, Austin und Rogers 2012, De Boyer Des Roches et al. 2008, Demaree et al. 2005, Austin und Rogers 2014). Rückschlüsse auf die Informationsverarbeitung lassen sich über die Beobachtung der verwendeten Sinnesorgane (Ohren und Augen) ziehen, die kontralateral mit den Großhirnhemisphären verbunden sind (Brooks et al. 1999). Es wird vermutet, dass Stress zu einer verstärkten Informationsverarbeitung durch die rechte Großhirnhemisphäre führt (Rogers 2010, Schultheiss et al. 2009). Diese konnte auch in ersten Untersuchungen am Pferd bestätigt werden (unveröffentlichte Daten). Forscher, die den einseitigen Gebrauch von rechten und linken Gliedmaßen (motorische Lateralität) bei Menschen und Tieren untersuchten, zeigten weiterhin Zusammenhänge zur Emotionalität und Reaktivität (McGreevy und Thomson 2006, Rogers 2009, Austin und Rogers 2012, Deesing und Grandin 2014). Die Tendenz zum einseitigen Gebrauch der Gliedmaßen gibt Hinweise auf den „Cognitive Bias“ (= individuelle, kognitive Verzerrung der Wahrnehmung und Verarbeitung von Informationen ins Positive oder Negative) und steht im Zusammenhang mit der persönlichen Neigung auf Stressfaktoren zu reagieren (zusammengefasst von Rogers 2010). Die sensorische Lateralität ändert sich jedoch schneller und situationsgebundener als die motorische Lateralität. Sie wird mittels Objekttests bestimmt, die ebenfalls verwendet werden können um die Reaktivität und Emotionalität zu untersuchen. Für eine objektivere Beurteilung des Interieurs eines Pferdes ist daher zu überlegen, ob die sensorische Lateralität als objektiver Parameter integriert werden kann, welchen Einflüssen diese unterliegt und mit welchen Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen sie korreliert. Wie in der Studie von Farmer et al. (2010) dargestellt werden konnte, zeigten bilateral trainierte Pferde eine weniger stark ausgeprägte Präferenz für die linken Sinnesorgane als traditionell trainierte Pferde in Tests mit Personen (ohne Interaktion). Es stellt sich daher die Frage, ob diese Beobachtung ein Resultat von langjährigem Training ist oder ob es sich bereits nach wenigen Wochen Training einstellt sowie ob solche Entwicklungen auch bei Objekten beobachtet werden können. Für die erste Untersuchung ergaben sich daher in dieser Studie folgende Fragstellungen: Sind die Ergebnisse eines Objekttests mit Evaluierung der sensorischen Lateralität hinsichtlich der Lateralität wiederholbar? Denn, sollte es möglich sein mittels der sensorische Lateralität auf bestimmte Persönlichkeitsmerkmale rückschließen zu können, so muss diese genauso stabil und reproduzierbar sein, wie die betreffenden Persönlichkeitsmerkmale. Unterscheiden sich Pferde hinsichtlich ihrer Lateralität in Objekttests, die bereits intensiv gleichmäßig beidseitig trainiert wurden, von Pferden, bei denen weniger Augenmerk auf gleichmäßiges beidseitiges Training gelegt wurde? Kann die Lateralität in Objekttests mit einer definierten gleichmäßigen beidseitigen Trainingsmethode beeinflusst werden? In welche Richtung verschiebt sich gegebenenfalls die Lateralität? Beeinflusst das Alter gegebenenfalls das Ausmaß von Veränderungen, da sich die sensorische Lateralität mit der Reifung des Gehirns entwickelt? |
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5961 | ||
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