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Author  |
Bentley-Condit, V.; Smith, E.O. | ||||
| Title | Animal tool use: current definitions and an updated comprehensive catalog | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 147 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 185-32 |
| Keywords | TOOL USE; CATALOG; ANIMAL | ||||
| Abstract | Despite numerous attempts to define animal tool use over the past four decades, the definition remains elusive and the behaviour classification somewhat subjective. Here, we provide a brief review of the definitions of animal tool use and show how those definitions have been modified over time. While some aspects have remained constant (i.e., the distinction between 'true' and 'borderline' tool use), others have been added (i.e., the distinction between 'dynamic' and 'static' behaviours). We present an updated, comprehensive catalog of documented animal tool use that indicates whether the behaviours observed included any 'true' tool use, whether the observations were limited to captive animals, whether tool manufacture has been observed, and whether the observed tool use was limited to only one individual and, thus, 'anecdotal' (i.e., N = 1). Such a catalog has not been attempted since Beck (1980). In addition to being a useful reference for behaviourists, this catalog demonstrates broad tool use and manufacture trends that may be of interest to phylogenists, evolutionary ecologists, and cognitive evolutionists. Tool use and tool manufacture are shown to be widespread across three phyla and seven classes of the animal kingdom. Moreover, there is complete overlap between the Aves and Mammalia orders in terms of the tool use categories (e.g., food extraction, food capture, agonism) arguing against any special abilities of mammals. The majority of tool users, almost 85% of the entries, use tools in only one of the tool use categories. Only members of the Passeriformes and Primates orders have been observed to use tools in four or more of the ten categories. Thus, observed tool use by some members of these two orders (e.g., Corvus, Papio) is qualitatively different from that of all other animal taxa. Finally, although there are similarities between Aves and Mammalia, and Primates and Passeriformes, primate tool use is qualitatively different. Approximately 35% of the entries for this order demonstrate a breadth of tool use (i.e., three or more categories by any one species) compared to other mammals (0%), Aves (2.4%), and the Passeriformes (3.1%). This greater breadth in tool use by some organisms may involve phylogenetic or cognitive differences � or may simply reflect differences in length and intensity of observations. The impact that tool usage may have had on groups' respective ecological niches and, through niche-construction, on their respective evolutionary trajectories remains a subject for future study. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ :/content/journals/10.1163/000579509x12512865686555 | Serial | 5859 | ||
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| Author |
Benz, B.; Benitz, B.; Krueger, K.; Winter, D. | ||||
| Title | Weniger Einstreu bei gleichem Komfort | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Pferdezucht und Haltung | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 1 | Issue | Pages | 66-71 | |
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| Publisher | AVA-Verlag-Allgäu GmbH | Place of Publication | Kempten | Editor | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5654 | ||
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| Author |
Benz, B.; Köhnke, J.; Kappelmann, K. | ||||
| Title | Bewertung einer Faltschieberanlage in einem Reitstall mit Paddockboxen[Assessment of a v-form scraper in a horse barn with paddock boxes] | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Landtechnik, Agricultural Engineering, | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 68 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 242-247 |
| Keywords | Entmistungstechnik, Arbeitswirtschaft, Pferdeverhalten [Manure removal systems, working time requirement, horse behaviour] | ||||
| Abstract | In der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden in einem Praxisbetrieb die Verfahrenskosten eines Faltschiebers erhoben. Aufgrund des reduzierten Arbeitszeitaufwandes ergibt sich durch den Einsatz des Faltschiebers eine jährliche Kostenersparnis in Höhe von 78 € je Pferd. Durch die Mechanisierung der Entmistung kann fast 30 % der Arbeitszeit in der Pensionspferdehaltung eingespart werden. Beim Einsatz einer Entmistungstechnik spielt jedoch nicht nur die Ökonomie, sondern darüber hinaus auch das Pferdeverhalten eine Rolle. Im selben Praxisbetrieb wird nach Installation der Faltschieberanlage das Pferdeverhalten beim Erstkontakt mit dem Schieber beobachtet. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Pferde den direkten Kontakt mit der Entmistungstechnik und somit kritische Situationen vermeiden. [In the survey at hand, the procedural costs for a v-form scraper are gathered. In the process, it is found that due to the reduced working time requirement the use of a v-form scraper saves € 78/horse/year. The mechanization of manure removal can reduce working time in horse keeping by almost 30 percent. However, using manure removal systems, the profitability is not the only crucial criteria. The behaviour of the horses plays an essential role, too. Moreover the horses’ behaviour when first encountering the manure scraper is observed. The study reveals that the horses avoid contact with the scraper and thereby also shirk critical situations.] |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5841 | ||
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| Author |
Benz, B.; Münzing, C.; Krueger, K.; Winter, D. | ||||
| Title | Ethologische Untersuchung von Heuraufen in der Pferdehaltung [Ethological investigation of hayracks in equine husbandry] | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Landtechnik | Abbreviated Journal | Landtechnik |
| Volume | 69 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 239-244 |
| Keywords | Pferdehaltung, Fressverhalten, Futterraufen [horse keeping, feeding behaviour, roughage racks] | ||||
| Abstract | Eine tiergerechte, physiologisch und anatomisch auf die Bedürfnisse der Pferde ausgerichtete Raufutterversorgung sollte die Kaubedürfnisse und die Beschäftigungszeiten von Pferden ausreichend berücksichtigen. Daher – und auch aufgrund des bestehenden Kostendrucks bei Raufutter – steigt das Interesse an Raufutterraufen, durch die möglicherweise die Futteraufnahmezeiten verlängert sowie Futterverluste minimiert werden können. Die vorliegende Untersuchung vergleicht das Fressverhalten und die Körperhaltung von acht Pferden beim Einsatz von drei unterschiedlichen Futterraufen mit der Bodenfütterung in Einzelboxenhaltung. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie lassen den Schluss zu, dass der Einsatz von Raufutterraufen die Futteraufnahmezeiten verlängert und somit längere Beschäftigungszeiten für die Futteraufnahme gewährleistet werden. Außerdem konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Pferde das Raufutter bei einer der drei untersuchten Raufen überwiegend mit natürlicher Kopf- Hals-Haltung aufnahmen. [Regarding the species horse, an appropriate supply of roughage should take into account the need to chew as well as the need for occupation. In this context, and due to the current cost pressure for hay, the interest in roughage racks increases. It is assumed that roughage racks could help to extend the feeding time and reduce food losses. The present study places the emphasis on the observation of the feeding behaviour of eight horses in single horse boxes. Three different roughage racks are compared to traditional feeding on the floor. On the basis of the results it may be concluded that the use of roughage racks extends the feeding time and thus ensures longer occupation. In one of the three roughage racks investigated the horses mainly eat in a natural posture of their head and neck.] |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5840 | ||
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| Author |
Beran, M.; Rumbaugh, D. | ||||
| Title | “Constructive” enumeration by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) on a computerized task | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 4 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 81-89 |
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| Abstract | Two chimpanzees used a joystick to collect dots, one at a time, on a computer monitor (see video-clip in the electronic supplementary material), and then ended a trial when the number of dots collected was equal to the Arabic numeral presented for the trial. Both chimpanzees performed substantially and reliably above chance in collecting a quantity of dots equal to the target numeral, one chimpanzee for the numerals 1-7, and the second chimpanzee for the numerals 1-6. Errors that were made were seldom discrepant from the target by more than one dot quantity, and the perceptual process subitization was ruled out as an explanation for the performance. Additionally, analyses of trial duration data indicated that the chimpanzees were responding based on the numerosity of the constructed set rather than on the basis of temporal cues. The chimpanzees' decreasing performance with successively larger target numerals, however, appeared to be based on a continuous representation of magnitude rather than a discrete representation of number. Therefore, chimpanzee counting in this type of experimental task may be a process that represents magnitudes with scalar variability in that the memory for magnitudes associated with each numeral is imperfect and the variability of responses increases as a function of the numeral's value. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3329 | ||
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| Author |
Beran, M.J. | ||||
| Title | Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) succeed in a test of quantity conservation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
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| Abstract | Nonhuman animals demonstrate a number of impressive quantitative skills such as counting sets of items, comparing sets on the basis of the number of items or amount of material, and even responding to simple arithmetic manipulations. In this experiment, capuchin monkeys were presented with a computerized task designed to assess conservation of discrete quantity. Monkeys first were trained to select from two horizontal arrays of stimuli the one with the larger number of items. On some trials, after a correct selection there was no feedback but instead an additional manipulation of one of those arrays. In some cases, this manipulation involved moving items closer together or farther apart to change the physical arrangement of the array but not the quantity of items in the array. In other cases, additional items were added to the initially smaller array so that it became quantitatively larger. Monkeys then made a second selection from the two arrays of items. Previous research had shown that rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) succeeded with this task. However, there was no condition in that study in which items were added to the smaller array without increasing its quantity to a point where it became the new larger array. This new condition was added in the present experiment. Capuchin monkeys were sensitive to all of these manipulations, changing their selections when the manipulations changed which array contained the larger number of items but not when the manipulations changed the physical arrangement of items or increased the quantity in one array without also reversing which of the two arrays had more items. Therefore, capuchin monkeys responded on the basis of the quantity of items, and they were not distracted by non-quantitative manipulations of the arrays. The data indicate that capuchins are sensitive to simply arithmetic manipulations that involve addition of items to arrays and also that they can conserve quantity. | ||||
| Address | Language Research Center, Georgia State University, University Plaza, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA, mjberan@yahoo.com | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17549530 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2394 | ||
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| Author |
Beran, M.J. | ||||
| Title | Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) succeed on a computerized test designed to assess conservation of discrete quantity | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 37-45 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Cognition; *Judgment; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; Mathematics; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Uncertainty | ||||
| Abstract | Conservation of quantity occurs through recognition that changes in the physical arrangement of a set of items do not change the quantity of items in that set. Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were presented with a computerized quantity judgment task. Monkeys were rewarded for selecting the greater quantity of items in one of two horizontal arrays of items on the screen. On some trials, after a correct selection, no reward was given but one of the arrays was manipulated. In some cases, this manipulation involved moving items closer together or farther apart to change the physical arrangement of the array without changing the quantity of items in the array. In other cases, additional items were added to the initially smaller array so that it became quantitatively larger. Monkeys then made another selection from the two rows of items. Monkeys were sensitive to these manipulations, changing their selections when the number of items in the rows changed but not when the arrangement only was changed. Therefore, monkeys responded on the basis of the quantity of items, and they were not distracted by non-quantitative manipulations of the sets. | ||||
| Address | Language Research Center, Georgia State University, 3401 Panthersville Road, Decatur, GA 30034, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16868737 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2455 | ||
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| Author |
Beran, M.J. | ||||
| Title | Long-term retention of the differential values of Arabic numerals by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 86-92 |
| Keywords | Animals; Cognition; Female; Language; Longitudinal Studies; Male; *Mathematics; *Mental Recall; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Retention (Psychology); *Semantics; Time Factors | ||||
| Abstract | As previously reported (Beran and Rumbaugh, 2001), two chimpanzees used a joystick to collect dots, one-at-a-time, on a computer monitor, and then ended a trial when the number of dots collected was equal to the Arabic numeral presented for the trial. Here, the chimpanzees were presented with the task again after an interval of 6 months and then again after an additional interval of 3.25 years. During each interval, the chimpanzees were not presented with the task, and this allowed an assessment of the extent to which both animals retained the values of each Arabic numeral. Despite lower performance at each retention interval compared to the original study, both chimpanzees performed above chance levels in collecting a quantity of dots equal to the target numeral, one chimpanzee for the numerals 1-7, and the second chimpanzee for the numerals 1-6. For the 3.25-year retention, errors were more dispersed around each target numeral than in the original study, but the chimpanzees' performances again appeared to be based on a continuous representation of magnitude rather than a discrete representation of number. These data provide an experimental demonstration of long-term retention of the differential values of Arabic numerals by chimpanzees. | ||||
| Address | Language Research Center, Georgia State University, 3401 Panthersville Road, Decatur, GA 30034, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com | ||||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15069607 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2533 | ||
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| Author |
Beran, M.J.; Beran, M.M.; Harris, E.H.; Washburn, D.A. | ||||
| Title | Ordinal judgments and summation of nonvisible sets of food items by two chimpanzees and a rhesus macaque | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume | 31 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 351-362 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; Chi-Square Distribution; Cognition; Color Perception/physiology; Female; *Food; Judgment/*physiology; Macaca mulatta; Male; Pan troglodytes; Serial Learning/*physiology; Size Perception | ||||
| Abstract | Two chimpanzees and a rhesus macaque rapidly learned the ordinal relations between 5 colors of containers (plastic eggs) when all containers of a given color contained a specific number of identical food items. All 3 animals also performed at high levels when comparing sets of containers with sets of visible food items. This indicates that the animals learned the approximate quantity of food items in containers of a given color. However, all animals failed in a summation task, in which a single container was compared with a set of 2 containers of a lesser individual quantity but a greater combined quantity. This difficulty was not overcome by sequential presentation of containers into opaque receptacles, but performance improved if the quantitative difference between sizes was very large. | ||||
| Address | Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Decatur, 30034, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com | ||||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16045389 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2766 | ||
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| Author |
Beran, M.J.; Pate, J.L.; Washburn, D.A.; Rumbaugh, D.M. | ||||
| Title | Sequential responding and planning in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume | 30 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 203-212 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Cognition; Female; Goals; Learning; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; *Mathematics; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Task Performance and Analysis | ||||
| Abstract | Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) selected either Arabic numerals or colored squares on a computer monitor in a learned sequence. On shift trials, the locations of 2 stimuli were interchanged at some point. More errors were made when this interchange occurred for the next 2 stimuli to be selected than when the interchange was for stimuli later in the sequence. On mask trials, all remaining stimuli were occluded after the 1st selection. Performance exceeded chance levels for only 1 selection after these masks were applied. There was no difference in performance for either stimulus type (numerals or colors). The data indicated that the animals planned only the next selection during these computerized tasks as opposed to planning the entire response sequence. | ||||
| Address | Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30303, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com | ||||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15279511 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2767 | ||
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