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Author | Mills, D.S. | ||||
Title | Personality and individual differences in the horse, their significance, use and measurement | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J Suppl |
Volume | Issue | 27 | Pages | 10-13 | |
Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horses/*psychology; Personality | ||||
Abstract | The biological diversity of a species gives rise to individual differences in behavioural tendency. Traditionally, this variation has been considered to be of little scientific importance or value, but the description and quantification of the fundamental basis of this variability is relevant to many aspects of equine science. The reliable identification of these features may allow the development of more accurate diagnostic and prognostic indicators for a range of clinical diseases. Biologically based traits also provide a more rational basis for selective management and breeding programmes in which specific behavioural tendencies are sought. Individual differences in behaviour also reflect the range of subjective feelings experienced by animals and therefore need to be understood by those concerned with animal welfare. Psychometric techniques concerned with the assessment of personality may provide a suitable basis for scientific study in this field. Potentially methodologies include: behavioural tests, objective behaviour measures or the quantification of reports from those familiar with the subjects. The assessment of the validity and reliability of the variables measured in these tests is an integral part of their development. Interobserver correlation in an experiment based on the subjective rating of 20 horses with respect to 14 familiar terms used to describe horse personality was generally low. This suggests that, with the exception of the terms 'flighty' and 'sharp', the empirical terminology commonly used to describe horse personality is unreliable. | ||||
Address | De Montfort University Lincoln, School of Agriculture and Horticulture, Caythorpe, Lincs, UK | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Notes | PMID:10484996 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 1932 | ||
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Author | McGrogan, C.; Hutchison, M.D.; King, J.E. | ||||
Title | Dimensions of horse personality based on owner and trainer supplied personality traits | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 113 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 206-214 |
Keywords | Horse; Personality; Domestication; Five-factor model | ||||
Abstract | Ratings on 36 personality descriptive adjectives were made on 100 companion horses by owners, trainers, and stable managers. The descriptors had been previously provided by a subset of 30 raters based on their own experience with horses. Principal components analysis revealed three statistically significant factors accounting for 59% of the variance. The first was a large, complex factor resembling the human Agreeableness factor. This factor contained four clusters of items reflecting obedience, kindness, sociality, and non-aggressiveness. The second factor resembled human Extraversion, although it also contained items reflecting intellect and curiosity. The third factor reflected Neuroticism or Emotionality. Factors similar to Agreeableness, Extraversion, and Emotionality are frequently observed in other taxa. The diverse composition of the Agreeableness factor indicating covariation among obedience, kindness, sociality, and non-aggressiveness may be a result of the intense artificial selection for all four components during the 6000 years of horse domestication. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Admin @ knut @ | Serial | 4337 | ||
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Author | McClearn, G.E. | ||||
Title | Behavioral genetics | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1971 | Publication | Behavioral Science | Abbreviated Journal | Behav Sci |
Volume | 16 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 64-81 |
Keywords | Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Animals; Aptitude; Behavior, Animal; Chromosome Aberrations; Cognition; Cytogenetics; Female; *Genetics, Behavioral; Genetics, Population; Humans; Intelligence; Mental Retardation; Mice; Models, Biological; Personality; Phenylketonurias; Pregnancy; Research; Schizophrenia; Sex Chromosome Aberrations; Twins | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0005-7940 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:5105941 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4150 | ||
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Author | Maros, K.; Kovács, R.; Nagy, K. | ||||
Title | Questionnaire survey personality assessment of horses of different use | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | horse, personality, questionnaire, | ||||
Abstract | We collected data from 248 horses of different breeds, age, sex and use, forming four groups: 74 trotters, 70 gallop horses, 60 horseback archery horses and 44 police horses. All horses were trained and ridden/driven in a regular base. Caretakers or owners who were familiar with the target animals were asked to assess their horses’ temperament. The temperament scores were obtained with the 7-point scale questionnaire according to the Horse Personality Questionnaire which has 25 items and has previously been shown to be reliable for the assessment of personality in horses. It measures six personality components in horses: Dominance, Anxiousness, Excitability, Protection, Sociability and Inquisitiveness. Component scores were calculated according to Lloyd, A.S., Martin, J.E., Bornett-Gauci, H.L.I., Wilkinson, R.G. (2008) Horse personality: Variation between breeds. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 112. 369–383. The component scores were compared across the four examined groups using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Post hoc multiple comparisons tests were then carried out to explore specific breed differences on each component. The value of alpha was set at 0.05 for all statistical tests. Groups differed significantly regarding Anxiousness and Excitability, but no significant differences were found regarding Dominance, Protection, Sociability or Inquisitiveness among groups. This finding is in line with the findings of Lloyd et al. (2008) who showed that Anxiousness and Excitability components have the highest level of variation between breeds.In our study, gallop horses had the highest rank regarding Excitability and they differed significantly from police horses which had the lowest rank for this personality component. Interestingly gallop horses had the lowest rank regarding Anxiousness, and trotters got the highest rank in in this component. According to our results gallop horses are the most extreme in their personality. It is conceivable that being excitable is a more favourable trait for a race horse than for a working police horse. However, it is interesting that trotters are more anxious than gallop horses since they also have a high thoroughbred ancestry. The effect of work and training on these horses needs further surveys. |
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Corporate Author | Maros, K. | Thesis | |||
Publisher | Xenophon Publishing | Place of Publication | Wald | Editor | Krueger, K. |
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ISSN | ISBN | 978-3-95625-000-2 | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5904 | ||
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Author | Maninger, N.; Capitanio, J.P.; Mendoza, S.P.; Mason, W.A. | ||||
Title | Personality influences tetanus-specific antibody response in adult male rhesus macaques after removal from natal group and housing relocation | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | American journal of primatology | Abbreviated Journal | Am. J. Primatol. |
Volume | 61 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 73-83 |
Keywords | Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antibody Formation; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Housing, Animal; Immunization, Secondary/*veterinary; Immunoglobulin G/blood; Macaca mulatta/*immunology/physiology; Male; *Personality; Social Behavior; Tetanus Toxoid/*immunology | ||||
Abstract | Previous research has suggested that personality is related to immune function in macaques. Using a prospective design, we examined whether variation in the personality dimension “Sociability” in adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) was related to the in vivo secondary antibody response to a tetanus toxoid booster immunization following removal from natal groups and relocation to individual housing. We also explored whether the timing of the immunization following relocation had an impact on the immune response. Blood was sampled at the time of booster immunization, at 14 and 28 days post-immunization, and approximately 9 months post-immunization. Plasma was assayed for tetanus-specific IgG by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). There was no difference between High- and Low-Sociable animals in antibody levels at the time of the booster immunization. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed that High-Sociable animals had a significantly higher antibody response following relocation and immunization compared to Low-Sociable animals. There was no effect of timing of the immunization on the immune response. The results confirm that personality factors can affect animals' immune responses, and that the dimension Sociability may be influential in a male's response to social separation and relocation. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, and Mind and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA. nmaniger@ucdavis.edu | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0275-2565 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:14582129 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4114 | ||
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Author | Lloyd, A.S.; Martin, J.E.; Bornett-Gauci, H.L.I.; Wilkinson, R.G. | ||||
Title | Evaluation of a novel method of horse personality assessment: Rater-agreement and links to behaviour | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 105 | Issue | 1-3 | Pages | 205-222 |
Keywords | Personality; Horse; Individual differences; Behaviour; Reliability | ||||
Abstract | The efficacy of questionnaire-based personality assessment has been shown in a variety of animal and human personality studies. There has been a recent increase in questionnaire-based studies focussing on equine personality but with a lack of comparability to studies on other species. The aim of this study was to test the reliability of an assessment method originally developed for primates and demonstrate reliability using three criteria (1) assessments by independent observers must agree with one another, (2) these assessments must predict behaviours and real-world outcomes and (3) observer ratings must be shown to reflect genuine attributes of the individuals rated, not merely the observer's implicit personality theories about how traits co-vary. The personality of 61 horses (Equus caballus) was assessed using a questionnaire constructed of 30 behaviourally defined adjectives (BDAs). Horses were each assessed by three judges, in addition to a total of 2 h behaviour observations recorded per horse. Rater agreement was demonstrated for 72.1% of the horses and 25 of the BDAs. Principal component analysis was carried out on the rating data and revealed six underlying personality components that were labelled “dominance”, “anxiousness”, “excitability”, “protection”, “sociability” and “inquisitiveness”. Component scores for horses were correlated against behavioural observations for the same horses and revealed significant correlations with 20 of the recorded behaviour variables. Correlations between specific components and their associated behaviours were logical and consistent with the types of behaviours that would be expected to be linked with such personality types. The data were shown to meet all three criteria and provided strong evidence that the assessment method was reliably measuring horse personality. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 1981 | ||
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Author | Lloyd, A.S.; Martin, J.E.; Bornett-Gauci, H.L.I.; Wilkinson, R.G. | ||||
Title | Horse personality: Variation between breeds | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 112 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 369-383 |
Keywords | Horse personality; Breed; Assessment; Questionnaire survey; Animal | ||||
Abstract | Anecdotal evidence from horse owners and handlers suggests the existence of breed typical behaviour and personality in horses. This is further supported by current research on heritability of personality characteristics in a range of species. The Horse Personality Questionnaire (HPQ) is a 25-item rating method that has previously been shown to be reliable for the assessment of personality in horses. Principal component analysis on HPQ data has identified six underlying personality components in horses. These are Dominance, Anxiousness, Excitability, Protection, Sociability and Inquisitiveness. Using the HPQ a survey of 1223 horses of eight different breeds was completed. Data were analysed to explore any differences in personality between breeds across the six personality components. Breed differences in personality were identified, and it was noted that variability between breeds varied between personality components. Anxiousness and Excitability showed the most variation between breeds, whilst Dominance and Protection showed the least variance. The results identified breed typical personalities that were comparable to results from previous studies as well as anecdotal evidence provided by the popular equine literature. The results are discussed in terms of the potential selection pressures that may have resulted in these differences. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4279 | ||
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Author | Lilienfeld, S.O.; Gershon, J.; Duke, M.; Marino, L.; de Waal, F.B. | ||||
Title | A preliminary investigation of the construct of psychopathic personality (psychopathy) in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
Volume | 113 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 365-375 |
Keywords | Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antisocial Personality Disorder/*diagnosis/psychology; Ethology/*methods; Female; Male; Observer Variation; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*standards; Reproducibility of Results; Sex Characteristics; *Social Behavior | ||||
Abstract | Although the construct of psychopathy has received considerable attention in humans, its relevance to other animals is largely unknown. We developed a measure of psychopathy for use in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), the Chimpanzee Psychopathy Measure (CPM), and asked 6 raters to complete this index on 34 chimpanzees. The CPM (a) demonstrated satisfactory interrater reliability and internal consistency; (b) exhibited marginally significant sex differences (males > females); (c) correlated positively with measures of extraversion, agreeableness, and observational ratings of agonism, sexual activity, daring behaviors, teasing, silent bluff displays, and temper tantrums, and negatively with observational ratings of generosity; and (d) demonstrated incremental validity above and beyond a measure of dominance. Although further validation of the CPM is needed, these findings suggest that the psychopathy construct may be relevant to chimpanzees. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. scott@ss.emory.edu | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:10608560 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 193 | ||
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Author | Lee, C.M.; Ryan, J.J.; Kreiner, D.S. | ||||
Title | Personality in domestic cats | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Psychological Reports | Abbreviated Journal | Psychol Rep |
Volume | 100 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 27-29 |
Keywords | Animals; Animals, Domestic/*psychology; *Behavior, Animal; Cats/*psychology; Humans; *Personality | ||||
Abstract | Personality ratings of 196 cats were made by their owners using a 5-point Likert scale anchored by 1: not at all and 5: a great deal with 12 items: timid, friendly, curious, sociable, obedient, clever, protective, active, independent, aggressive, bad-tempered, and emotional. A principal components analysis with varimax rotation identified three intepretable components. Component I had high loadings by active, clever, curious, and sociable. Component II had high loadings by emotional, friendly, and protective, Component III by aggressive and bad-tempered, and Component IV by timid. Sex was not associated with any component, but age showed a weak negative correlation with Component I. Older animals were rated less social and curious than younger animals. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, 1111 Lovinger, Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, MO 64093, USA | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0033-2941 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:17450998 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4103 | ||
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Author | Lansade, L.; Simon, F. | ||||
Title | Horses' learning performances are under the influence of several temperamental dimensions | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 125 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 30-37 |
Keywords | Avoidance task; Equus caballus; Fearfulness; Learning; Personality; Temperament | ||||
Abstract | Learning performances are influenced by many factors, not only breed, age and sex, but also temperament. The purpose of this study was to understand how different temperamental dimensions affect the learning performance of horses, Equus caballus. First, we carried out a series of behavioural tests on 36 Welsh ponies aged 5-7 years to measure five temperamental dimensions: fearfulness (novel area test and surprise test), gregariousness (social isolation test), reactivity to humans (passive human test), tactile sensitivity (von Frey filament test) and activity level (evaluation of locomotor activity during all the tests). We then presented them with two learning tasks (avoidance and backwards-forwards tasks). In the avoidance task they had to learn to jump over a fence when they heard a sound associated with an aversive stimulus (puff of air). In the backwards-forwards task they had to walk forwards or move backwards in response to a tactile or vocal command to obtain a food reward. There was no correlation between performances on the two learning tasks, indicating that learning ability is task-dependent. However, correlations were found between temperamental data and learning performance (Spearman correlations). The ponies that performed the avoidance task best were the most fearful and the most active ones. For instance, the number of trials required to perform 5 consecutive correct responses (learning criterion) was correlated with the variables aimed at measuring fearfulness (way of crossing a novel area: rs = -0.41, P = 0.01 and time to start eating again after a surprise effect: rs = -0.33, P = 0.05) and activity level (frequency of trotting during all the tests: rs = -0.40, P = 0.02). The animals that performed the backwards-forwards task best were the ones that were the least fearful and the most sensitive. For instance, the learning criterion (corresponding to the number of trials taken to achieve five consecutive correct responses) was correlated with the variables aimed at measuring fearfulness (latency to put one foot on the area: rs = 0.43, P = 0.01; way of crossing a novel area: rs = 0.31, P = 0.06; and time to start eating again after a surprise effect: rs = 0.43, P = 0.009) and tactile sensitivity (response to von Frey filaments: rs = -0.44, P = 0.008). This study revealed significant links between temperament and learning abilities that are highly task-dependent. | ||||
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ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5077 | ||
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