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ALEXANDER, F. (1963). Digestion in the horse. Zool. Garten., , 259–268.
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Alexander, R., MCN et al. (1977). Fast locomotion of some african ungulates. J Zool, 183(3), 291–300.
Abstract: ABSTRACT
Ten species of ungulate were filmed, galloping in their natural habitat. They ranged in size from Thomson's gazelle (about 20 kg) to giraffe (about 1000 kg). They were pursued to make them run as fast as possible. The films have been analysed to determine speed, stride frequency, stride and step lengths, and duty factors. The dependence of these quantities on body size is discussed.
Summary:
Fast locomotion of zebra, giraffe, warthog and seven species of Bovidae has been studied. The animals were filmed from a pursuing vehicle while galloping in their natural habitat.
Stride frequency was more closely correlated with limb length (represented by hip height) than with body mass. Mean stride frequency was proportional to (hip height)-0·51 and maximum stride frequency to (hip height) -0·63.
Maximum speed was between 10 and 14 m s -1 for all species except buffalo (7 m s -1). It was not significantly correlated with body mass.
Since the small species ran at least as fast as the large ones they attained higher Froude numbers. Relative stride length was approximately 1·8 (Froude number)0·39 for all species, irrespective of size. Relative step length was approximately 0·65 (Froude number)0·2, both for the fore feet and for the hind ones. The vertical forces exerted by the feet are proportional to (body weight)×(Froude number)0·2 so the forces at maximum speed are larger multiples of body weight for small species than for large ones.
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ANSELL, W. F. H. (1960). The breeding of some larger mammals in northern Rhodesia. Proc. Zool. Soc. London., 134.
Abstract: Details are given of a standard manner of recording breeding data of large mammals by game department officers, which is considered a great improvement on previous casual reporting. Information on the breeding in Northern Rhodesia of several ungulates and large Carnivora is summarised, and comparisons made with published data from other territories. It is stressed that much more study is needed, but certain points emerge from consideration of present information. Many species have their young at any time of year, and only a few have a really sharply defined birth season. The wart hog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) seems markedly seasonal in the south of its range, but not in the northern parts. There is at present no data on the fluctuations in frequency of births among non-seasonal breeders. In the seasonally breeding species the actual birth months vary somewhat from north to south, and in the wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) there may be variation in the calving time due apparently to purely localdifferences of environment. The wild dog (Lycaon pictus) appears to be monoestrus, but data on the larger felids, though incomplete, seems to indicate that young may be born at any time of the year. Limiting factors in the study of breeding in African large mammals are pointed out, but it is suggested that further work on the lines of that carried out in Northern. Rhodesia would be profitable.
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Antonius O,. (1928). Beobachtungen an Einhufern in Schönbrunn. IV. Afrikanische Esel. Zool. Garten., , 289–296.
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Antonius O,. (1930). Beobachtungen an Einhufern in Schönbrunn, V. Bergzebras, Grevyzebras und Zebroide. Zool. Garten., 2, 261–274.
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Antonius O,. (1931). Beobachtungen an Einhufern in Schönbrunn. VI Ein interessantes Ponyfohlen. Zool. Garten., , 158–159.
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Antonius O,. (1931). Zur genaueren Kenntnis des echten Quaggas. Zool. Garten., 4, 93–115.
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Antonius O,. (1932). Beobachtungen an Einhufern in Schönbrunn. VII. Halbesel. Zool. Garten., 5,, 261–275.
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Antonius O,. (1932). Einige bemerkenswerte Zuchterfolge in Schönbrunn. Zool. Garten., 5, 91–97.
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Antonius O,. (1933). Beobachtungen an Einhufern in Schönbrunn. VIII. Ponys und Hausesel. Zool. Garten., 6, 213–224.
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