Records |
Author |
Dyson, S.; Berger, J.; Ellis, A.D.; Mullard, J. |
Title |
Development of an ethogram for a pain scoring system in ridden horses and its application to determine the presence of musculoskeletal pain |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Journal of Veterinary Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
23 |
Issue |
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Pages |
47-57 |
Keywords |
Lameness; Equine behavior; Pain grading; Headshaking; Bucking; Rearing |
Abstract |
There is evidence that more than 47% of the sports horse population in normal work may be lame, but the lameness is not recognized by owners or trainers. An alternative means of detecting pain may be recognition of behavioral changes in ridden horses. It has been demonstrated that there are differences in facial expressions in nonlame and lame horses. The purpose of this study was to develop a whole horse ethogram for ridden horses and to determine whether it could be applied repeatedly by 1 observer (repeatability study, 9 horses) and if, by application of a related pain behavior score, lame horses (n = 24) and nonlame horses (n = 13) could be differentiated. It was hypothesized that there would be some overlap in pain behavior scores among nonlame and lame horses; and that overall, nonlame horses would have a lower pain behavior score than lame horses. The ethogram was developed with 117 behavioral markers, and the horses were graded twice in random order by a trained specialist using video footage. Overall, there was a good correlation between the 2 assessments (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.91). Behavioral markers that were not consistent across the 2 assessments were omitted, reducing the ethogram to 70 markers. The modified ethogram was applied to video recordings of the nonlame horses and lame horses (ethogram evaluation). There was a strong correlation between 20 behavioral markers and the presence of lameness. The ethogram was subsequently simplified to 24 behavioral markers, by the amalgamation of similar behaviors which scored similarly and by omission of markers which showed unreliable results in relation to lameness. Following this, the maximum individual occurrence score for lame horses was 14 (out of 24 possible markers), with a median and mean score of 9 (±2 standard deviation) compared with a maximum score of 6 for nonlame horses, with a median and mean score of 2 (±1.4). For lame horses, the following behaviors occurred significantly more (P < 0.05, chi-square): ears back, mouth opening, tongue out, change in eye posture and expression, going above the bit, head tossing, tilting the head, unwillingness to go, crookedness, hurrying, changing gait spontaneously, poor quality canter, resisting, and stumbling and toe dragging. Recognition of these features as potential indicators of musculoskeletal pain may enable earlier recognition of lameness and avoidance of punishment-based training. Further research is necessary to verify this new ethogram for assessment of pain in ridden horses. |
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1558-7878 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6706 |
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Author |
Edwards, K.L.; Bansiddhi, P.; Paris, S.; Galloway, M.; Brown, J.L. |
Title |
The development of an immunoassay to measure immunoglobulin A in Asian elephant feces, saliva, urine and serum as a potential biomarker of well-being |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Conservation Physiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
conphys |
Volume |
7 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Additional measures of well-being would be beneficial to the management of a variety of species in human care, including elephants. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an immune protein associated with pathogen defense, which has been demonstrated to decrease during times of stress, and increase in response to positive stimuli. This paper describes the development and validation of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the quantification of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) IgA in feces, saliva, urine, and serum. Samples were collected weekly from four females for 6 months to assess IgA and glucocorticoid (GC) concentrations, establish relationships between these two biomarkers, and determine variability in IgA within and between individuals, and across sample types. IgA was quantified in all four sample types, although urinary concentrations were low and sometimes undetectable in individual samples. Concentrations were highly variable within and between individuals, with fecal, salivary and serum IgA, and fecal, salivary and urinary GCs all differing significantly across individuals. Contrary to previous findings, IgA and GC were generally not correlated. Serum IgA was less variable within individuals, with the exception of one female that experienced a brief illness during the study. However, marked inter-individual differences were still apparent. When data from all individuals were combined, fecal IgA was significantly predicted by salivary and urinary IgA; however, this relationship did not hold when individuals were analyzed separately. Analysis of a fifth female that exhibited a more severe systemic illness demonstrated clear increases in fecal IgA and GC, suggesting these may also be useful health biomarkers. Further investigation is needed to determine what sample type is most reflective of biological state in elephants, and how IgA concentrations are associated with health and positive and negative welfare states. Based on observed variability, a longitudinal approach likely will be necessary to use IgA as a measure of well-being. |
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2051-1434 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6591 |
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Author |
Esch, L.; Wöhr, C.; Erhard, M.; Krueger, K. |
Title |
Horses� (Equus Caballus) Laterality, Stress Hormones, and Task Related Behavior in Innovative Problem-Solving |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Animals |
Abbreviated Journal |
Animals |
Volume |
9 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
265 |
Keywords |
innovative behavior; brain lateralization; glucocorticoid metabolites; behavioral traits; equine cognition |
Abstract |
Domesticated horses are constantly confronted with novel tasks. A recent study on anecdotal data indicates that some are innovative in dealing with such tasks. However, innovative behavior in horses has not previously been investigated under experimental conditions. In this study, we investigated whether 16 horses found an innovative solution when confronted with a novel feeder. Moreover, we investigated whether innovative behavior in horses may be affected by individual aspects such as: age, sex, size, motor and sensory laterality, fecal stress hormone concentrations (GCMs), and task-related behavior. Our study revealed evidence for 25% of the horses being capable of innovative problem solving for operating a novel feeder. Innovative horses of the present study were active, tenacious, and may be considered to have a higher inhibitory control, which was revealed by their task related behavior. Furthermore, they appeared to be emotional, reflected by high baseline GCM concentrations and a left sensory and motor laterality. These findings may contribute to the understanding of horses� cognitive capacities to deal with their environment and calls for enriched environments in sports and leisure horse management. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Esch2019 |
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6570 |
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Author |
Fisher, J.; Hinde, R. A. |
Title |
The opening of milk bottles by birds |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
British Birds |
Abbreviated Journal |
British Birds |
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Issue |
42 |
Pages |
347-357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6525 |
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Author |
Forrester, G.; Hudry, K.; Lindell, A.; Hopkins, W. D. |
Title |
Cerebral Lateralization and Cognition: Evolutionary and Developmental Investigations of Behavioral Biases |
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Book Whole |
Year |
2018 |
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238 |
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Academic Press |
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Cambridge |
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9780128146729 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6530 |
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Author |
Freitas, J.; Lagos, L.; Álvares, F. |
Title |
Horses as prey of wolves. |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Carnivore Damage Preventionnews |
Abbreviated Journal |
CDPnews |
Volume |
23 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1-9 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6677 |
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Author |
Fritts, S.H.; Bangs, E.E.; Gore, J.F. |
Title |
The relationship of wolf recovery to habitat conservation and biodiversity in the northwestern United States |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Landsc Urban Plan |
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28 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Fritts1994 |
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6453 |
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Author |
Fuller, T.K.; Sampson, B.A. |
Title |
Evaluation of a simulated howling survey for wolves |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1988 |
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J Widl Manag |
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52 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Fuller1988 |
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6458 |
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Author |
Gadhöfer, R.; Krüger, K.; Zanger, M. |
Title |
Der Bockhuf – Entstehung, Verlauf und Therapie |
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Book Whole |
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2021 |
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Xenophon Verlag |
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Wald |
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13: 978-3956250125 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6652 |
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Author |
Gadhöfer, R.; Krüger, K.; Zanger, M. |
Title |
Der Bockhuf – Entstehung, Verlauf und Therapie |
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Book Whole |
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2021 |
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Xenophon Verlag |
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Wald |
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978-3956250125 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6656 |
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