Heird, J. C., Whitaker, D. D., Bell, R. W., Ramsey, C. B., & Lokey, C. E. (1986). The effects of handling at different ages on the subsequent learning ability of 2-year-old horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 15(1), 15–25.
Abstract: Forty weanling Quarter Horses, from the Pitchfork Ranch, Dickens, Texas, were randomly assigned to one of five groups based on the amount of handling they would receive. The five groups were: (1) limited handling; (2) 1 week of handling; (3) 2 weeks of handling; (4) 3 weeks of handling; (5) continuous handling for 18 months. As 2-year-olds, the horses were tested in a simple place-learning T-maze after being preconditioned. A maximum of 30 daily trials were conducted for 20 consecutive days, with feed location alternating between sides on successive days. If a horse met the criterion of 11 out of 12 correct responses with 8 correct responses being consecutive, it was retired without completing the 30 trials. Group 1 made fewer correct responses during the 20 days than any other group except Group 3. All groups achieved learning by Day 10, but the most-handled group reached a consistently higher percentage of correct responses earlier than the less-handled groups. Group 5, the group receiving the most handling, was the least emotional, as determined by the animals' reactivity to a novel stimulus, and received the highest scores for trainability after being ridden. Preconditioning trainability scores, or estimates of the horses' ability to learn prior to conditioning and testing, tended to predict maze-learning ability. These scores were also significantly correlated with post-maze training scores.
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Hertsch, B., & Becker, C. (1986). [Occurrence of aseptic necrosis of the palmar and plantar ligament in the horse--a contribution to the differentiation of sesamoid bone diseases]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 93(6), 263–266.
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Houpt, K. A. (1986). Stable vices and trailer problems. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 2(3), 623–633.
Abstract: Stable vices include oral vices such as cribbing, wood chewing, and coprophagia, as well as stall walking, weaving, pawing, and stall kicking. Some of these behaviors are escape behaviors; others are forms of self-stimulation. Most can be eliminated by pasturing rather than stall confinement. Trailering problems include failure to load, scrambling in the moving trailer, struggling in the stationary trailer, and refusal to unload. Gradual habituation to entering the trailer, the presence of another horse, or a change in trailer type can be used to treat these problems.
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Jones We,. (1986). Genetic recreation of wild horses. J. Equine Vet Sc, 6, 246–249.
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Keiper Rr,. (1986). The Przewalski horse ecosystem: programs and progress. In Majumdaret al : Endangered and threatened species programs in Pensylvania and other States.
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Keiper, R. R. (1986). Social structure. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 2(3), 465–484.
Abstract: Socially feral horses live in stable social groups characterized by one adult male, a number of adult females, and their offspring up to 2 years of age. Extra males either live by themselves or with other males in bachelor groups. The bands occupy nondefended home ranges that often overlap. Many abnormal behaviors seen in domestic horses occur because some aspect of their normal social behavior cannot be carried out in captivity.
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Keiper, R. R., & Sambraus, H. H. (1986). The stability of equine dominance hierarchies and the effects of kinship, proximity and foaling status on hierarchy rank. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 16(2), 121–130.
Abstract: Dominance hierarchies were determined in four bands of feral horses living on Assateague Island. The bands varied in size from 10 to 16 horses, and consisted of one stallion, several mares and their offspring. The animals ranged in age from less than 1 to over 18 years. Field observation of all social interactions during the summer of 1981 was used to determine dominance. 1981 hierarchies for three of the bands were compared with hierarchies determined for the same bands in 1978, and showed that hierarchies change over time. Age was significantly correlated with rank. Mares with foals did not rank any higher in the hierarchies than mares without foals. Kinship did not appear to have an effect on dominance rank either, since neither juvenile nor adult offspring ranks correlated with the ranks of their mothers. The band stallion was not the highest-ranking animal of any band, but the location of the stallion peripheral to the main body of the band, the nature of his interactions with band members, and his length of residence in the band may have contributed to his low rank.
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Kirkpatrick Jf,. (1986). Feral horses: The basic problems. J Equine Vet Sc, 6, 222.
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Kirkpatrick, J. F., & Turner, J. W. J. (1986). Comparative reproductive biology of North American feral horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci., 6, 224–230.
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Klingel H,. (1986). Die Evolution der Sozialen Organisation der Equiden. Verh Dtsch Zool Ges, 79, 176.
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