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Author  |
Waran, N.; Leadon, D.; Friend, T. | ||||
| Title | The Effects of Transportation on the Welfare of Horses | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | The Welfare of Horses | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 125-150 | ||
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| Abstract | Typically, horses are transported many times in their lives, this is with the exception of the horses reared for meat. Although difficult to estimate the extent of the movement of horses worldwide, it is clear that this is a substantial and growing practice. Until recently research into the effects of the different methods of transport (road, sea and air), was limited. This may have been because it was presumed that, because of their financial and emotional value, horses experience higher standards of transportation, than other large domestic animals. The process of transporting horses includes a range of potential Stressors, and there is scientific evidence that many of these can impact upon the welfare of the horse. In this chapter, we examine the effects of the different modes used to transport horses and we offer suggestions where possible for improvements in this practice. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4374 | ||
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| Author |
Waran, N.; McGreevy, P.; Casey, R. | ||||
| Title | Training Methods and Horse Welfare | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | The Welfare of Horses | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 151-180 | ||
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| Abstract | Many aspects of horse care and handling are based upon convenience and traditional practices. Many of these methods of management and practice do not take into account the natural behaviour of horses. This is despite the belief that although domestic horses are probably more docile, stronger, faster growing and faster moving than their ancestors, they are unlikely to have lost any natural behaviours. The performance or sport horse is expected to perform a wide variety of movements and tasks, some of which are unnatural or exaggerated and most of which must be learned. The term “training” is commonly used to describe the processes whereby the human handler introduces the horse to new situations and associations. Performance horses are often required to tolerate stimuli that are innately aversive or threatening, such as having a person on their backs. They are also trained to respond to a stimulus with often unnatural or over-emphasised behaviour, such as some of the dressage movements. Effective and humane training requires an understanding of the processes underlying behaviour. These include knowledge of behaviour under natural conditions, learning processes, the influence of early experience and motivational forces. Horses differ from the other main companion animal species, namely cats and dogs, in that they are a prey species. They most commonly flee from dangerous and painful situations. Horses readily learn to avoid potentially threatening situations and if their attempts to avoid associated stimuli are prevented, they will often exhibit problem behaviours. In this chapter the history of horse training, the application of learning theory and a knowledge of equine behaviour to training, and innovative training methods are all considered. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4380 | ||
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| Author |
Waring, George H. (ed) | ||||
| Title | Horse Behavior: The Behavioral Traits and Adaptations of Domestic and Wild Horses, Including Ponies | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Noyes Publications | Abbreviated Journal | |
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| Abstract | Reviews Synopsis The second edition of this informative book remains the most comprehensive and current overview of the behavioral traits and adaptations of horses. The book integrates findings from hundreds of international researchers to provide the reader with a factual synthesis of the behaviour of domestic and feral horses. Building on the strengths of the first edition, the author has thoroughly updated coverage of horse ancestry, development, perception, learning, play, social behavioral manipulation, maintenance activities, and sexual behaviour. Throughout these and other chapters, more emphasis has been given to animal husbandry and management. Additionally, the second edition includes an all-new section on ecological influences on activity patterns, habitat utilization, social behaviour and reproduction. An expanded section on applied ethnology provides behavioral considerations or management and insight regarding the behavioral indicators of horse health and well being. This is followed with an updated appendix listing behavioral symptoms and possible causes. The text contains numerous tables and nearly 100 illustrations and photos. Interesting Facts: Rich with international data, incorporated into text, tables, and figures Two new chapters on ecological influences dealing with interactions between environment feeding, ranging, shelter seeking, reproductive and social behavior, among other topics New chapter on behavioral considerations in horse management, plus updated material on health and well being, surveys atypical symptoms ranging from posture to social behaviour Update appendix provides an extensive listing of behavioral symptoms, with identifications of possible associated problems. |
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| Publisher | Noyes Publications | Place of Publication | Nrowich, NY | Editor | Waring, George H. |
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| ISSN | ISBN | 978-0815514848 | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4233 | ||
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| Author |
Waters, A.J.; Nicol, C.J.; French, N.P. | ||||
| Title | Factors influencing the development of stereotypic and redirected behaviours in young horses: findings of a four year prospective epidemiological study | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Equine veterinary journal | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J |
| Volume | 34 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 572-579 |
| Keywords | Age Factors; Animal Husbandry/*methods; Animal Welfare; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/prevention & control/*psychology; Horses; Housing, Animal; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; *Stereotyped Behavior; Weaning | ||||
| Abstract | Stereotypies are invariant and repetitive behaviour patterns that seemingly have no function, which tend to develop in captive animals faced with insoluble problems and may be indicative of reduced welfare. A 4 year prospective study of the factors influencing the development of stereotypic and redirected behaviours (abnormal behaviour) in a population of 225 young Thoroughbred and part-Thoroughbred horses was conducted between 1995 and 1999. Abnormal behaviour affected 34.7% of the population. Multivariable analysis showed that foals of low- or middle-ranking mares were less likely to develop abnormal behaviour than foals of dominant mares (rate ratio (RR) 0.23, P<0.01; RR 0.48, P<0.01, respectively). Weaning by confinement in a stable or barn was associated with an increased rate of development of abnormal behaviour, compared with paddock-weaning (RR 2.19, P<0.05), and housing in barns, rather than at grass after weaning, was associated with a further increase (RR 2.54, P<0.01). Specific stereotypic and redirected behaviours were then considered as separate outcomes. Crib-biting was initiated by 10.5% of horses at median age 20 weeks, weaving by 4.6% of horses at median age 60 weeks, box-walking by 2.3% of horses at median age 64 weeks and wood-chewing by 30.3% of horses at median age 30 weeks. Wood-chewing developed at a lower rate in horses born to subordinate or mid-ranking mares than in horses born to dominant mares (RR 0.29, P<0.01; RR 0.41, P<0.01, respectively), and at a higher rate in horses kept in barns or stables rather than at grass after weaning (RR 4.49, P<0.001; RR 1A6, P<0.001, respectively). Feeding concentrates after weaning was associated with a 4-fold increase in the rate of development of crib-biting (RR 4.12, P = 0.02). The results of this study support the idea that simple changes in feeding, housing and weaning practices could substantially lower the incidence of abnormal behaviour in young horses. | ||||
| Address | University of Bristol, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Langford, Bristol, UK | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0425-1644 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:12357996 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 84 | ||
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| Author |
Watve, M.; Thakar, J.; Kale, A.; Puntambekar, S.; Shaikh, I.; Vaze, K.; Jog, M.; Paranjape, S. | ||||
| Title | Bee-eaters ( Merops orientalis) respond to what a predator can see | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 5 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 253-259 |
| Keywords | Animals; Birds/*physiology; *Predatory Behavior; *Visual Perception | ||||
| Abstract | Two sets of experiments are reported that show that the small green bee-eater ( Merops orientalis, a small tropical bird) can appreciate what a predator can or cannot see. Bee-eaters avoid entering the nest in the presence of a potential nest predator. In the first set of experiments bee-eaters entered the nest more frequently when the predator was unable to see the nest from its position, as compared to an approximately equidistant position from which the nest could be seen. In the second set of experiments bee-eaters entered the nest more frequently when the predator was looking away from the nest. The angle of gaze from the nest was associated significantly positively with the probability of entering the nest whereas the angle from the bird was not. Birds showed considerable flexibility as well as individual variation in the possible methods of judging the predator's position and direction of gaze. | ||||
| Address | Life Research Foundation, 10, Pranav, 1000/6C Navi Peth, Pune 411030, India. watve@vsnl.com | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:12461603 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2587 | ||
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| Author |
Weaver, A.; de Waal, F.B.M. | ||||
| Title | An index of relationship quality based on attachment theory | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
| Volume | 116 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 93-106 |
| Keywords | Analysis of Variance; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; Male; *Maternal Behavior; *Object Attachment; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Pilot Projects | ||||
| Abstract | Two measures are reported of the nature or quality of a mother-offspring (MO) relationship during development using brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) as models. One is a qualitative classification of MO relationships as secure, resistant, or avoidant attachments. The other is an empirical ratio of relative affiliation to agonism called the MO relationship quality, or MORQ, Index. The two methods tapped similar relationship features so relationships high or low of a median split of MORQ values were heuristically labeled secure (n = 22) or insecure (n = 16), respectively. A comparison revealed extensive behavioral differences between secure and insecure MO relationships and suggested MORQ provided an objective, continuous measure of attachment security. | ||||
| Address | Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, USA. achweaver@att.net | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:11930937 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 183 | ||
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| Author |
Weeks, J.W.; Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Heusner, G. | ||||
| Title | Preliminary study of the development of the Flehmen response in Equus caballus | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 78 | Issue | 2-4 | Pages | 329-335 |
| Keywords | Horse behavior; Flehmen; Foal development | ||||
| Abstract | The flehmen response is commonly seen in most ungulates as well as in several other species (e.g. felids). The behavior is most often thought to be part of the sexual behavioral repertoire of males. One reigning hypothesis suggests that this behavior allows the male to determine the estrous state of a female through the chemosensory functions of the vomeronasal organ. However, females and young of both sexes also exhibit this behavior. Horse foals most frequently show the flehmen response during their first month of life with colts showing the behavior more often than fillies. This study tested the flehmen response on male and female foals throughout their pre-pubertal period. Foals were separately presented estrous and non-estrous urine weekly during the first month of life and then monthly until they were approximately 7 months of age. No significant differences were found between male and female foals for the following variables: latency to flehmen, duration of flehmen, frequency of flehmen and sniffs. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 615 | ||
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| Author |
Weir, A.A.S.; Chappell, J.; Kacelnik, A. | ||||
| Title | Shaping of hooks in New Caledonian crows | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 297 | Issue | 5583 | Pages | 981 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Female; Male; Songbirds/*physiology | ||||
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| Address | Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:12169726 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2842 | ||
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| Author |
West, R.E.; Young, R.J. | ||||
| Title | Do domestic dogs show any evidence of being able to count? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 5 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 183-186 |
| Keywords | Animal Feed; Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; *Dogs; Female; Male; *Mathematics; Reinforcement (Psychology); Visual Perception | ||||
| Abstract | Numerical competence has been demonstrated in a wide range of animal species. The level of numerical abilities shown ranges from simple relative numerousness judgements to true counting. In this study we used the preferential looking technique to test whether 11 pet dogs could count. The dogs were presented with three simple calculations: “1+1=2”; “1+1=1”; and “1+1=3”. These calculations were performed by presenting the dogs with treats that were placed behind a screen that allowed manipulation of the outcome of the calculation. When the dogs expected the outcome they spent the same amount of time looking at the result of the calculation as they did on the initial presentation. However, when the result was unexpected dogs spent significantly longer looking at the outcome of the calculation. The results suggest that the dogs were anticipating the outcome of the calculations they observed, thus suggesting that dogs may have a rudimentary ability to count. | ||||
| Address | De Montfort University-Lincoln, Caythorpe, Grantham, Lincolnshire, NG32 3EP, UK | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:12357291 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2594 | ||
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| Author |
Westergaard, G.C.; Suomi, S.J.; Higley, J.D. | ||||
| Title | Handedness is associated with immune functioning and behavioural reactivity in rhesus macaques | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Laterality | Abbreviated Journal | Laterality |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 359-369 |
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| Abstract | In the present study we examined the relationship among handedness, immune functioning, and behavioural reactivity in rhesus macaques. We used the absolute number of CD4+ (T-helper) and CD8+ (T-suppressor) cells as dependent measures of immune functioning. We derived reactivity profiles from behavioural responses to a threat, and hand preference profiles from a quadrupedal food-reaching test. The results indicate positive correlations between the frequency of right versus left hand reaches and the absolute number of CD4+ cells, and between the frequency of right versus left hand reaches and the degree of human-directed aggression in response to an invasive threat. Immune measures were not associated with the strength of hand preference. These results are consistent with and extend previous findings obtained with rodents to nonhuman primates and provide further support for the view that behavioural lateralisation is associated with immune functioning and behavioural reactivity. | ||||
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| Publisher | Routledge | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 1357-650x | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | doi: 10.1080/13576500143000230 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5779 | ||
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