| Records |
Author  |
Kornblith, H. |
| Title |
Knowledge and its Place in Nature |
Type |
Book Whole |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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| Keywords |
animals; cognitive ethology; conceptual analysis; epistemology; Hilary Kornblith; knowledge; natural kind; naturalistic epistemology; normativity; philosophy |
| Abstract |
Argues that conceptual analysis should be rejected in favour of a more naturalistic approach to epistemology. There is a robust natural phenomenon of knowledge; knowledge is a natural kind. An examination of the cognitive ethology literature reveals a category of knowledge that does both causal and explanatory work. It is argued that knowledge in this very sense is what philosophers have been talking about all along. Rival accounts of knowledge that are more demanding—requiring either that certain social conditions be met or that an agent engage in some sort of reflection—are discussed in detail, and it is argued that they are inadequate to the phenomenon. In addition, it is argued that the account of knowledge that emerges from the cognitive ethology literature can provide an explanation of the normative force of epistemic claims. |
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| Publisher |
Oxford University Press |
Place of Publication |
Oxford |
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ISBN |
9780199246311 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4413 |
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| Author |
Kuroshima, H.; Fujita, K.; Fuyuki, A.; Masuda, T. |
| Title |
Understanding of the relationship between seeing and knowing by tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
5 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
41-48 |
| Keywords |
Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Cebus/*psychology; *Discrimination (Psychology); Feeding Behavior/*psychology; Female; Male |
| Abstract |
The ability of four tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) to recognize the causal connection between seeing and knowing was investigated. The subjects were trained to follow a suggestion about the location of hidden food provided by a trainer who knew where the food was (the knower) in preference to a trainer who did not (the guesser). The experimenter baited one of three opaque containers behind a cardboard screen so that the subjects could not see which of the containers hid the reward. In experiment 1, the knower appeared first in front of the apparatus and looked into each container; next, the guesser appeared but did not look into any containers. Then the knower touched the correct cup while the guesser touched one of the three randomly. The capuchin monkeys gradually learned to reach toward the cup that the knower suggested. In experiment 2, the subjects adapted to a novel variant of the task, in which the guesser touched but did not look into any of the containers. In experiment 3, the monkeys adapted again when the knower and the guesser appeared in a random order. These results suggest that capuchin monkeys can learn to recognize the relationship between seeing and knowing. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. kuroshi@psy.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp |
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English |
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| ISSN |
1435-9448 |
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| Notes |
PMID:11957401 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2611 |
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| Author |
Kurtzman H.S.; Church R.M.; Crystal J.D. |
| Title |
Data archiving for animal cognition research: Report of an NIMH workshop |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Learning & Behavior |
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| Volume |
30 |
Issue |
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Pages |
405-412 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3504 |
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| Author |
Kusunose, R.; Yamanobe, A. |
| Title |
The effect of training schedule on learned tasks in yearling horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
78 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
225-233 |
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| Abstract |
Twelve yearlings were divided into two groups and subjected to two different training schedules: (a) 30min of training daily (the daily trained group); and (b) 30min of training for 4 days, followed by a 3-day rest (the intermittently trained group), in order to compare the effect of two training methods on the ability of the horses to learn to be driven and ridden and to respond to the handlers? cues. The length of this experimental training was 17 days. The first step of training was surcingling and proceeded to lunging, to driving from the ground, and finally to being ridden at a trot on a track. Both groups were tested four times during the experimental period when they were at the same stage of training. They were driven and then ridden at a walk by a rider on a specified course and evaluated. The time to complete the course, accuracy of traveling the course, and heart rate during the test were used as the indicators of success in training. In three out of the four tests, the daily trained group tended to move faster and with more accuracy than the intermittently trained group. It would appear that daily training without a long interruption is more effective for yearlings. |
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Elsevier |
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0168-1591 |
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doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00089-8 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6382 |
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| Author |
Ligout, S.; Porter, R.H.; Bon, R. |
| Title |
Social discrimination in lambs: persistence and scope |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
76 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
239-248 |
| Keywords |
Social discrimination; Social cognition; Persistence of recognition; Lambs |
| Abstract |
Social recognition among familiar unrelated lambs was assessed in a series of tests. Lambs and their mothers were housed together in small groups for 1 week (Original groups; O) then reorganized into new groupings (Recent-groups; R) for the remainder of the experiment. During test series 1, lambs that were paired with a familiar O-group partner, from which they had been separated for 5 days, emitted fewer distress bleats than did those tested with an unfamiliar partner. This same effect was not evident when the test was repeated several hours later, indicating that the animals had become habituated to the testing procedures. Two days later, when given the choice between an O- versus a R-partner (test series 2), lambs did not display a preference for either of the stimulus lambs. However, in an additional two-choice test (test series 3) the subject lambs responded discriminatively to a recent familiar partner that was simultaneously present with an unfamiliar lamb. Overall, the results suggest that lambs are capable of developing discriminative relationships with age-mates from different sub-groups, and that such social discrimination persists over a separation period lasting at least several days. It is not clear whether lambs recognize several individual conspecifics per se or discriminate between members of higher order social categories (e.g. familiar versus unfamiliar individuals). Proximal and distal social discrimination may be mediated by different combinations of sensory modalities. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2906 |
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| Author |
Manns, J.R.; Clark, R.E.; Squire, L.R. |
| Title |
Standard delay eyeblink classical conditioning is independent of awareness |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
28 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
32-37 |
| Keywords |
Aged; *Awareness; *Blinking; *Conditioning, Classical; Humans |
| Abstract |
P. F. Lovibond and D. R. Shanks (2002) suggested that all forms of classical conditioning depend on awareness of the stimulus contingencies. This article considers the available data for eyeblink classical conditioning, including data from 2 studies (R. E. Clark, J. R. Manns, & L. R. Squire, 2001; J. R. Manns, R. E. Clark, & L. R. Squire, 2001) that were completed too recently to have been considered in their review. In addition, in response to questions raised by P. F. Lovibond and D. R. Shanks, 2 new analyses of data are presented from studies published previously. The available data from humans and experimental animals provide strong evidence that delay eyeblink classical conditioning (but not trace eyeblink classical conditioning) can be acquired and retained independently of the forebrain and independently of awareness. This conclusion applies to standard conditioning paradigms; for example, to single-cue delay conditioning when a tone is used as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and to differential delay conditioning when the positive and negative conditioned stimuli (CS+ and CS-) are a tone and white noise. |
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Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, USA |
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English |
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0097-7403 |
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| Notes |
PMID:11868232 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2769 |
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| Author |
Manser, M.B.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. |
| Title |
Suricate alarm calls signal predator class and urgency |
Type |
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| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
55-57 |
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1364-6613 |
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| Notes |
PMID:15866180 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
686 |
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| Author |
Marino, L. |
| Title |
Convergence of complex cognitive abilities in cetaceans and primates |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Brain, Behavior and Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Brain Behav Evol |
| Volume |
59 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
21-32 |
| Keywords |
Animal Communication; Animals; Brain/physiology; Cerebral Cortex/physiology; Cetacea/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; *Evolution; Humans; Intelligence; Primates/*physiology |
| Abstract |
What examples of convergence in higher-level complex cognitive characteristics exist in the animal kingdom? In this paper I will provide evidence that convergent intelligence has occurred in two distantly related mammalian taxa. One of these is the order Cetacea (dolphins, whales and porpoises) and the other is our own order Primates, and in particular the suborder anthropoid primates (monkeys, apes, and humans). Despite a deep evolutionary divergence, adaptation to physically dissimilar environments, and very different neuroanatomical organization, some primates and cetaceans show striking convergence in social behavior, artificial 'language' comprehension, and self-recognition ability. Taken together, these findings have important implications for understanding the generality and specificity of those processes that underlie cognition in different species and the nature of the evolution of intelligence. |
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Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga. 30322, USA. lmarino@emory.edu |
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English |
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0006-8977 |
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| Notes |
PMID:12097858 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4158 |
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| Author |
McAfee L.M.; Mills D.S.; Cooper J.J. |
| Title |
The use of mirrors for the control of stereotypic weaving behaviour in the stabled horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
78 |
Issue |
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Pages |
159-173 |
| Keywords |
Horse; Housing; Mirror; Stereotypy; Weaving |
| Abstract |
Weaving, a common locomotor stereotypy, has been associated with social isolation in stabled horses. In this study we investigated the effect of provision of mirrors on weaving as this may have a similar effect to access to conspecifics. The behaviour of six known weavers, each in one of three locations within a working equine yard, was recorded, 5 days a week for 12 weeks. After a pre-trial period of a week, one horse in each of the three locations was provided with a 1mx1.5m mirror for 5 weeks, after which time the mirrors were removed and placed in the stables of the other three subjects for the next 5 weeks. All mirrors were then removed and the horses observed for a final week (post-trial period). The provision of a mirror significantly reduced the incidence of both stereotypic weaving (P<0.001) and nodding (P<0.05) for the 5 weeks of treatment but did not affect the time the horses spent standing active, dozing or ingesting. The mirror may mimic visual contact with conspecifics (minimising the social isolation of the stable) and/or provide environmental distraction or additional visual stimuli, altering the horses' perception of the environment and their resultant responses to it. The use of mirrors in the stable appears to be a more effective treatment of weaving than many current popular treatments, including weaving bars. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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2010 |
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| Author |
McDonnell, S.M.; Poulin, A. |
| Title |
Equid play ethogram |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
78 |
Issue |
2-4 |
Pages |
263-290 |
| Keywords |
Equine; Pony; Zebra; Donkey; Przewalski horse; Play behavior; Ethogram |
| Abstract |
An ethogram of play behavior among equids was developed. Several key English-language studies on equids were reviewed to derive a preliminary inventory of specific behaviors to be included in the ethogram. Our primary observations were based on a herd of semi-feral Shetland-type ponies kept at New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA. Greater than 100 h of direct observation and photo-documentation focused specifically on play in order to identify play behaviors to be added to the preliminary inventory and to obtain detailed descriptions of each behavior. Additionally, these observations were supplemented with photographs obtained during several years of observational study of this herd for other purposes, and with the cumulative equid observational experience and study notes of the principal investigator with other equid species. An initial draft was sent out to 18 equine behavior colleagues for review. A total of 38 individual behaviors classified into four distinct categories were included in the ethogram. These included object play (14 entries), play sexual behavior (3 entries), locomotor play (14 entries) and play fighting (7 entries). All of the behaviors catalogued from direct observation of the herd were also found in the equid literature. The resulting ethogram offers a practical tool as a field guide or reference for quantitative research and other studies of equid play behavior as well as for teaching of equid behavior. |
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1987 |
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