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Author | Lindberg, A.C.; Kelland, A.; Nicol, C.J. | ||||
Title | Effects of observational learning on acquisition of an operant response in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 61 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 187-199 |
Keywords | Horse; Observational learning; Stereotyped behaviour; Operant behaviour; Breed influence; Age influence | ||||
Abstract | The effect of observational learning on the acquisition of an operant response was examined in eighteen riding horses and ponies. The test horses were randomly divided into three groups of six and individually exposed to one of three treatments. An additional horse was trained as a demonstrator, to perform the operant response. The observer horses watched either the demonstrator performing the bin-opening response (Group D+B); the demonstrator standing passively (Group D); or the operant bin in the absence of the demonstrator (Group B). Observers had access to and were free to interact with an identical bin during testing. Observers in Groups D+B and D were socially familiar with the demonstrator. Each test horse was tested once a day for 10 days. An ANOVA revealed no significant differences between treatment groups in the number of responses or the time taken to reach the learning criterion. However, there were highly significant differences between breed types, with non-warmbloods performing more bouts of opening the bin and feeding (p=0.02), feeding from the bin sooner (p=0.01) and reaching the criterion for learning sooner than warmbloods (p=0.05). There was also a significant negative linear relationship between horses' ages and time spent investigating the bin, with younger horses performing more investigative behaviour (y=-3.08x+106.86; p=0.02). | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 562 | ||
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Author | Clarke, J.V.; Nicol, C.J.; Jones, R.; McGreevy, P.D. | ||||
Title | Effects of observational learning on food selection in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 50 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 177-184 |
Keywords | Horse; Observational learning; Food discrimination | ||||
Abstract | Fourteen riding horses of mixed age and breed were randomly allocated to observer and control treatments. An additional horse was pre-trained as a demonstrator to walk the 13.8 m length of the test arena and select one of two food buckets using colour and pattern cues. Observer horses were exposed to correct performances of the task by the trained demonstrator, for 20 trials held over 2 days. Control horses were subjected to the same handling and placement procedures as the observer horses but without exposure to the behaviour of the demonstrator. The third day for all subjects was designated as a test day. Each subject was released individually in a predetermined place in the arena, and the latency to walk the length of the test arena to the food buckets, the latency to feed, the identity of the bucket approached and the identity of the bucket selected were recorded on ten consecutive trials. During tests both food buckets contained food to minimize the possibility of individual trial and error learning. On the first trial the mean latency to approach the goal area was 18 s for observer horses, compared with 119 s for control horses (t = 2.8, d.f. = 12, P < 0.01) and the mean latency to eat was 35 s for observer horses, compared with 181 s for control horses (t = 4.86, d.f. = 11, P < 0.001). However, observer horses were no more likely to choose the demonstrated bucket than control horses on the first trial. Twelve of the 14 horses decreased their latency to approach the goal area during the series of ten trials, but there were no significant changes in the buckets selected. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 563 | ||
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Author | Nicol, C.J. | ||||
Title | How animals learn from each other | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 100 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 58-63 |
Keywords | Social learning; Chickens; Demonstrators; Dominance | ||||
Abstract | This paper explores ways by which animals may learn from one another, using examples drawn mostly from the chicken, an animal for which social learning is likely to be less dangerous than individual learning. In early life, the behaviour of the hen is important in encouraging chicks to peck at edible items. Maternal display not only attracts chicks to profitable food items, but also redirects their attention away from harmful or non-profitable items. Older chicks can enhance their foraging success by observing the behaviour of conspecifics within their own social group. Hens have been trained to perform a novel behaviour (key-pecking for food) by observation of a trained demonstrator bird. Moreover, observers learnt most from watching dominant demonstrators. Thus the ability to learn from others is not `fixed', but depends on the context and the social identity of both the observer and the demonstrator. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 564 | ||
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Author | Nicol, C.J. | ||||
Title | The social transmission of information and behaviour | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 44 | Issue | 2-4 | Pages | 79-98 |
Keywords | Social learning; Imitation; Social facilitation; Cultural transmission; Stereotypies | ||||
Abstract | Social influences on established behaviour and on the acquisition of new information and behaviour are reviewed. Distinctions between social facilitation and contagious behaviour are drawn and suggestions for further research on contagious behaviour are made. Socially derived visual, olfactory and auditory cues are considered as important influences on behaviour and subsequent learning. The evidence supporting two potential mechanisms of social learning, i.e. stimulus enhancement followed by individual learning, and imitation, is reviewed in detail. It is argued that the functions of social learning are similarly heterogeneous and include motor skill acquisition, gathering of environmental information, and social conformity. Factors affecting the spread of socially acquired skills, including the social relationship between demonstrator and observer, are highlighted. Lastly, the few studies of social learning that have been conducted with domestic species are reviewed and potential applied goals that could stimulate further research in this area are suggested. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 577 | ||
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Author | Heyes, C.M. | ||||
Title | Imitation and flattery: a reply to Byrne & Tomasello | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 50 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 1421-1424 |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 593 | ||
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Author | Hare, B.; Brown, M.; Williamson, C.; Tomasello, M. | ||||
Title | The domestication of social cognition in dogs | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
Volume | 298 | Issue | 5598 | Pages | 1634-1636 |
Keywords | Animals; *Animals, Domestic; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; *Cues; *Dogs; Food; Humans; Memory; Pan troglodytes; *Social Behavior; Species Specificity; Vision; Wolves | ||||
Abstract | Dogs are more skillful than great apes at a number of tasks in which they must read human communicative signals indicating the location of hidden food. In this study, we found that wolves who were raised by humans do not show these same skills, whereas domestic dog puppies only a few weeks old, even those that have had little human contact, do show these skills. These findings suggest that during the process of domestication, dogs have been selected for a set of social-cognitive abilities that enable them to communicate with humans in unique ways. | ||||
Address | Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. bhare@fas.harvard.edu | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:12446914 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 595 | ||
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Author | Allen, C. | ||||
Title | Transitive inference in animals: Reasoning or conditioned associations? | Type | Book Chapter | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Rational Animals? | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 175-186 | ||
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Abstract | It is widely accepted that many species of nonhuman animals appear to engage in transitive inference, producing appropriate responses to novel pairings of non-adjacent members of an ordered series without previous experience of these pairings. Some researchers have taken this capability as providing direct evidence that these animals reason. Others resist such declarations, favouring instead explanations in terms of associative conditioning. Associative accounts of transitive inference have been refined in application to a simple 5-element learning task that is the main paradigm for laboratory investigations of the phenomenon, but it remains unclear how well those accounts generalise to more information-rich environments such as social hierarchies which may contain scores of individuals, and where rapid learning is important. The case of transitive inference is an example of a more general dispute between proponents of associative accounts and advocates of more cognitive accounts of animal behaviour. Examination of the specific details of transitive inference suggests some lessons for the wider debate. |
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Address | Texas A&M University | ||||
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Publisher | Oxford University Press | Place of Publication | Oxford | Editor | Hurley, S.; Nudds, M. |
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ISSN | ISBN | 978-0-19-852827-2 | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 611 | ||
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Author | Sovrano, V.A.; Rainoldi, C.; Bisazza, A.; Vallortigara, G. | ||||
Title | Roots of brain specializations: preferential left-eye use during mirror-image inspection in six species of teleost fish | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Behavioural Brain Research | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Brain. Res. |
Volume | 106 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 175-180 |
Keywords | Predator fixation; Fish; Left-eye preference | ||||
Abstract | It has recently been reported that predator inspection is more likely to occur when a companion (i.e. the mirror image of the test animal) is visible on the left rather than on the right side of mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki. This very unexpected outcome could be consistent with the hypothesis of a preferential use of the right eye during sustained fixation of a predator as well as of a preferential use of the left eye during fixation of conspecifics. We measured the time spent in monocular viewing during inspection of their own mirror images in females of six species of fish, belonging to different families--G. holbrooki, Xenotoca eiseni, Phoxinus phoxinus, Pterophyllum scalare, Xenopoecilus sarasinorum, and Trichogaster trichopterus. Results revealed a consistent left-eye preference during sustained fixation in all of the five species. Males of G. holbrooki, which do not normally show any social behaviour, did not exhibit any eye preferences during mirror-image inspection. We found, however, that they could be induced to manifest a left-eye preference, likewise females, if tested soon after capture, when some affiliative tendencies can be observed. These findings add to current evidence in a variety of vertebrate species for preferential involvement of structures located in the right side of the brain in response to the viewing of conspecifics. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 614 | ||
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Author | Keay, J.M.; Singh, J.; Gaunt, M.C.; Kaur, T. | ||||
Title | Fecal glucocorticoids and their metabolites as indicators of stress in various mammalian species: a literature review | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians | Abbreviated Journal | J Zoo Wildl Med |
Volume | 37 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 234-244 |
Keywords | Animals; *Animals, Wild/metabolism; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods/veterinary; Circadian Rhythm; Conservation of Natural Resources; *Ecosystem; Feces/*chemistry; Glucocorticoids/*analysis/metabolism; Humans; Seasons; Species Specificity; Specimen Handling/methods/veterinary; Stress, Psychological/*metabolism | ||||
Abstract | Conservation medicine is a discipline in which researchers and conservationists study and respond to the dynamic interplay between animals, humans, and the environment. From a wildlife perspective, animal species are encountering stressors from numerous sources. With the rapidly increasing human population, a corresponding increased demand for food, fuel, and shelter; habitat destruction; and increased competition for natural resources, the health and well-being of wild animal populations is increasingly at risk of disease and endangerment. Scientific data are needed to measure the impact that human encroachment is having on wildlife. Nonbiased biometric data provide a means to measure the amount of stress being imposed on animals from humans, the environment, and other animals. The stress response in animals functions via glucocorticoid metabolism and is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Fecal glucocorticoids, in particular, may be an extremely useful biometric test, since sample collection is noninvasive to subjects and, therefore, does not introduce other variables that may alter assay results. For this reason, many researchers and conservationists have begun to use fecal glucocorticoids as a means to measure stress in various animal species. This review article summarizes the literature on many studies in which fecal glucocorticoids and their metabolites have been used to assess stress levels in various mammalian species. Variations between studies are the main focus of this review. Collection methods, storage conditions, shipping procedures, and laboratory techniques utilized by different researchers are discussed. | ||||
Address | Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 0442 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1042-7260 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:17319120 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 616 | ||
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Author | Hall, C. | ||||
Title | The impact of visual perception on equine learning | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
Volume | 76 | Issue | Pages | 29-33 | |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 619 | ||
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