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| Author |
Dugatkin, L.A. |
| Title |
Bystander effects and the structure of dominance hierarchies |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. |
| Volume |
12 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
348-352 |
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| Abstract |
Prior modeling work has found that pure winner and loser effects (i.e., changing the estimation of your own fighting ability as a function of direct prior experience) can have important consequences for hierarchy formation. Here these models are extended to incorporate “bystander effects.” When bystander effects are in operation, observers (i.e., bystanders) of aggressive interactions change their assessment of the protagonists' fighting abilities (depending on who wins and who loses). Computer simulations demonstrate that when bystander winner effects alone are at play, groups have a clear omega (bottom-ranking individual), while the relative position of other group members remains difficult to determine. When only bystander loser effects are in operation, wins and losses are randomly distributed throughout a group (i.e., no discernible hierarchy). When pure and bystander winner effects are jointly in place, a linear hierarchy, in which all positions (i.e., {alpha} to {delta} when N = 4) are clearly defined, emerges. Joint pure and bystander loser effects produce the same result. In principle one could test the predictions from the models developed here in a straightforward comparative study. Hopefully, the results of this model will spur on such studies in the future. |
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10.1093/beheco/12.3.348 |
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441 |
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Chase, I.D.; Tovey, C.; Spangler-Martin, D.; Manfredonia, M. |
| Title |
Individual differences versus social dynamics in the formation of animal dominance hierarchies |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume |
99 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
5744-5749 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Fishes; Humans; *Social Behavior; *Social Dominance |
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Linear hierarchies, the classical pecking-order structures, are formed readily in both nature and the laboratory in a great range of species including humans. However, the probability of getting linear structures by chance alone is quite low. In this paper we investigate the two hypotheses that are proposed most often to explain linear hierarchies: they are predetermined by differences in the attributes of animals, or they are produced by the dynamics of social interaction, i.e., they are self-organizing. We evaluate these hypotheses using cichlid fish as model animals, and although differences in attributes play a significant part, we find that social interaction is necessary for high proportions of groups with linear hierarchies. Our results suggest that dominance hierarchy formation is a much richer and more complex phenomenon than previously thought, and we explore the implications of these results for evolutionary biology, the social sciences, and the use of animal models in understanding human social organization. |
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Department of Sociology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4356, USA. Ichase@notes.cc.sunysb.edu |
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English |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:11960030 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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442 |
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Mesterton-Gibbons, M.; Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Toward a theory of dominance hierarchies: effects of assessment, group size, and variation in fighting ability |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
416-423 |
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We introduce assessment to the analysis of dominance hierarchies by exploring the effect of an evolutionarily stable fighting rule when there is variation in resource holding potential (RHP) and RHP is not a perfectly reliable predictor of the outcome of a fight. With assessment, the probability of a linear hierarchy decreases with group size but can remain appreciable for groups of up to seven or eight individuals, whereas it decreases virtually to zero if there is no assessment. The probability of a hierarchy that correlates perfectly with RHP is low unless group size is small. |
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10.1093/beheco/6.4.416 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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447 |
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Broom, M.; Cannings, C. |
| Title |
Modelling Dominance Hierarchy formation as a Multi-player game |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
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Journal of Theoretical Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Theor. Biol. |
| Volume |
219 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
397-413 |
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Animals who live in groups need to divide available resources amongst themselves. This is often achieved by means of a dominance hierarchy, where dominant individuals obtain a larger share of the resources than subordinate individuals. This paper introduces a model of dominance hierarchy formation using a multi-player extension of the classical Hawk-Dove game. Animals play non-independent pairwise games in a Swiss tournament which pairs opponents against those which have performed equally well in the conflict so far, for a fixed number of rounds. Resources are divided according to the number of contests won. The model, and its emergent properties, are discussed in the context of experimental observations. |
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450 |
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Cameron, E. Z.,; Linklater, W. L.,; Stafford, K.J.,; Minot, E. O., |
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Social grouping and maternal behaviour in feral horses (Equus caballus): the influence of males on maternal protectiveness |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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53 |
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2 |
Pages |
92-101 |
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The risk of infant injury or mortality influences maternal behaviour, particularly protectiveness. Mares are found in bands with a single stallion or bands with more than one stallion in which paternity is less certain. We investigated maternal behaviour in relation to band type. Mares in bands with more than one stallion were more protective of their foals, particularly when stallions and foals approached one another. The rate of aggression between the stallion and foal was a significant predictor of maternal protectiveness, and mare protectiveness was significantly correlated with reduced reproductive success in the subsequent year. Mares that changed band types with a foal at foot, or had their band type experimentally altered, were more protective of their foal in multi-stallion bands than they were in single-stallion bands. Equids are unusual amongst ungulates in that infanticide and feticide have been reported. Both occur where paternity has been uncertain, and equid social structure is similar to other species in which infanticide has been reported. Stallions benefit from infanticide as the mare has greater reproductive success in the subsequent year. Stallion aggression is a significant modifier of mare behaviour and maternal effort, probably due to the risk of infanticide. |
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458 |
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RHO, J.R.; SRYGLEY, R.B.; CHOE, J.C. |
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Behavioral ecology of the Jeju pony (Equus caballus): Effects of maternal age, maternal dominance hierarchy and foal age on mare aggression |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
Publication |
Ecological Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ecol. Res. |
| Volume |
19 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
55-63 |
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On Jeju Island, Korea, dominance hierarchy and maternal care according to maternal age were studied in a herd of Jeju ponies (Equus caballus), consisting of 73 mares, their foals and one stallion. Dominance ranks were nearly linear and increased significantly with the age of mares. Most aggressive encounters involved mares under 5 years old. Mares under the age of 5 years have apparently not established their rank. The mean frequency of aggressive actions of mares per hour increased significantly as the day of parturition approached. Aggressive actions of mares with foals decreased significantly as their foals aged. The overall frequency of aggression of mares with foals also decreased significantly with the age of the mares. Our results suggest that the cost of maternal care is lower for older, more dominant mares than for subordinate ones. |
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459 |
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Klingel, H. |
| Title |
Das Verhalten der Pferde (Equidae) |
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Journal Article |
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Handbook of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Handb. o. Zool. |
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8 |
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10 |
Pages |
1-68 |
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Walter De Gruyter |
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Berlin/Newyork |
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German English |
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no |
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473 |
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Dugatkin, L.A.; Hoglund, J. |
| Title |
Delayed breeding and the evolution of mate copying in lekking species |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of Theoretical Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Theor. Biol. |
| Volume |
174 |
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3 |
Pages |
261-267 |
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Recent experimental evidence indicates that females may copy the mate choice of others. Here, we present a model for the evolution of mate copying strategies in lekking species. In the model, all females (copiers and non-copiers) assess male quality, but a copier's assessment of a male's quality increases after males have mated with other females. The model demonstrates that mate copying is favored when breeding late in the season has a relatively high cost. We hope that our results will spur empirical work quantifying the time constraints associated with breeding, thus allowing more direct tests of the model's predictions. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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482 |
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Czaran, T. |
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Game theory and evolutionary ecology: Evolutionary Games & Population Dynamics by J. Hofbauer and K. Sigmund, and Game Theory & Animal Behaviour, edited by L.A. Dugatkin and H.K. Reeve |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
Publication |
Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Ecol. Evol |
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14 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
246-247 |
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Game theory; Evolutionary ecology; Population dynamics; Ethology |
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485 |
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Dugatkin, L.A.; Perlin, M.; Atlas, R. |
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The Evolution of Group-beneficial Traits in the Absence of Between-group Selection |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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Journal of Theoretical Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Theor. Biol. |
| Volume |
220 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
67-74 |
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One specific prediction emerging from trait-group models of natural selection is that when individuals possess traits that benefit other group members, natural selection will favor “cheating” (i.e. not possessing the group-beneficial trait) within groups. Cheating is selected within groups because it allows individuals to avoid bearing the relative costs typically associated with group-beneficial traits, but to still reap the benefits associated with the acts of other group members. Selection between groups favors traits that benefit other group members. The relative strength of within- and between-group selection then determines the equilibrium frequency of those who produce group-beneficial traits and those that do not. Here we demonstrate that individual-level selection, that is selection within groups can also produce an intermediate frequency of such group-beneficial traits by frequency-dependent selection. The models we develop are general in nature, but were inspired by the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The theory developed here is distinct from prior work that relies on reciprocity or kinship per'se to achieve cooperation and altruism among group members. |
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491 |
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