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Author |
Dunbar, K.; MacLeod, C.M. |
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Title |
A horse race of a different color: Stroop interference patterns with transformed words |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
622-639 |
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*Attention; *Color Perception; Discrimination Learning; Humans; Orientation; Reaction Time; Reading; *Semantics |
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Abstract |
Four experiments investigated Stroop interference using geometrically transformed words. Over experiments, reading was made increasingly difficult by manipulating orientation uncertainty and the number of noncolor words. As a consequence, time to read color words aloud increased dramatically. Yet, even when reading a color word was considerably slower than naming the color of ink in which the word was printed, Stroop interference persisted virtually unaltered. This result is incompatible with the simple horse race model widely used to explain color-word interference. When reading became extremely slow, a reversed Stroop effect--interference in reading the word due to an incongruent ink color--appeared for one transformation together with the standard Stroop interference. Whether or not the concept of automaticity is invoked, relative speed of processing the word versus the color does not provide an adequate overall explanation of the Stroop phenomenon. |
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0096-1523 |
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PMID:6238123 |
Approved ![sorted by Approved field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4065 |
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Author |
Wolfe, J.M. |
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Title |
Hidden visual processes |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
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Volume |
248 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
94-103 |
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Keywords |
Color Perception/*physiology; Humans; Motion Perception/physiology; Ocular Physiology; Vision; Visual Perception/*physiology |
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Isoluminant stimulus is an image whose edges are defined only by a change in color, not by change in brightness. The stimulus here is imperfect: the blue parts and the green parts of the image are only as nearly equal in brightness as they can be on the printed page. Moreover, the change in brightness beyond the edge of the page is apparent, and so is the fact that the reader is holding the magazine at reading distance. When such cues are removed under laboratory conditions, subjects faced with an isoluminant stimulus prove unable to bring its edges into focus. This deficiency contributes to making a familiar face hard to recognize. The experiment indicates that the brain process underlying visual accommodation (the focusing of the eyes) cannot “see” color; it is a hidden process distinct from the processes that lead to perception. The image shows Groucho Marx as he appeared in the motion picture Horse Feathers. |
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0036-8733 |
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PMID:6836258 |
Approved ![sorted by Approved field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4066 |
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Author |
Bell, A.M. |
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Title |
Evolutionary biology: animal personalities |
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Year |
2007 |
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Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
447 |
Issue |
7144 |
Pages |
539-540 |
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Keywords |
Aggression/physiology/psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; *Evolution; Humans; *Models, Biological; Personality/genetics/*physiology; Reproduction/genetics/physiology; Risk-Taking; Selection (Genetics) |
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1476-4687 |
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PMID:17538607 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4099 |
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Author |
Lee, C.M.; Ryan, J.J.; Kreiner, D.S. |
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Title |
Personality in domestic cats |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Psychological Reports |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychol Rep |
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Volume |
100 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
27-29 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Domestic/*psychology; *Behavior, Animal; Cats/*psychology; Humans; *Personality |
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Abstract |
Personality ratings of 196 cats were made by their owners using a 5-point Likert scale anchored by 1: not at all and 5: a great deal with 12 items: timid, friendly, curious, sociable, obedient, clever, protective, active, independent, aggressive, bad-tempered, and emotional. A principal components analysis with varimax rotation identified three intepretable components. Component I had high loadings by active, clever, curious, and sociable. Component II had high loadings by emotional, friendly, and protective, Component III by aggressive and bad-tempered, and Component IV by timid. Sex was not associated with any component, but age showed a weak negative correlation with Component I. Older animals were rated less social and curious than younger animals. |
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Department of Psychology, 1111 Lovinger, Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, MO 64093, USA |
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0033-2941 |
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PMID:17450998 |
Approved ![sorted by Approved field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4103 |
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Author |
Nettle, D. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
The evolution of personality variation in humans and other animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
The American Psychologist |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am Psychol |
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Volume |
61 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
622-631 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Birds; *Evolution; Female; Fishes; Humans; Insects; Male; Personality/*genetics/*physiology |
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Abstract |
A comprehensive evolutionary framework for understanding the maintenance of heritable behavioral variation in humans is yet to be developed. Some evolutionary psychologists have argued that heritable variation will not be found in important, fitness-relevant characteristics because of the winnowing effect of natural selection. This article propounds the opposite view. Heritable variation is ubiquitous in all species, and there are a number of frameworks for understanding its persistence. The author argues that each of the Big Five dimensions of human personality can be seen as the result of a trade-off between different fitness costs and benefits. As there is no unconditionally optimal value of these trade-offs, it is to be expected that genetic diversity will be retained in the population. |
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Address |
University of Newcastle, Newcastle, United Kingdom. daniel.nettle@ncl.ac.uk |
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0003-066X |
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PMID:16953749 |
Approved ![sorted by Approved field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4105 |
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Author |
Neuringer, A. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Reinforced variability in animals and people: implications for adaptive action |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
The American Psychologist |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am Psychol |
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Volume |
59 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
891-906 |
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Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Choice Behavior; Conditioning, Operant; Creativeness; Discrimination (Psychology); Humans; Memory; Problem Solving; *Reinforcement (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
Although reinforcement often leads to repetitive, even stereotyped responding, that is not a necessary outcome. When it depends on variations, reinforcement results in responding that is diverse, novel, indeed unpredictable, with distributions sometimes approaching those of a random process. This article reviews evidence for the powerful and precise control by reinforcement over behavioral variability, evidence obtained from human and animal-model studies, and implications of such control. For example, reinforcement of variability facilitates learning of complex new responses, aids problem solving, and may contribute to creativity. Depression and autism are characterized by abnormally repetitive behaviors, but individuals afflicted with such psychopathologies can learn to vary their behaviors when reinforced for so doing. And reinforced variability may help to solve a basic puzzle concerning the nature of voluntary action. |
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Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, USA. allen.neuringer@reed.edu |
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0003-066X |
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PMID:15584823 |
Approved ![sorted by Approved field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4106 |
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Author |
Previc, F.H. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Thyroid hormone production in chimpanzees and humans: implications for the origins of human intelligence |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
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American Journal of Physical Anthropology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Phys Anthropol |
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118 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
402-3; discussion 404-5 |
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Animals; Humans; *Intelligence; Pan troglodytes/*metabolism; Species Specificity; Thyroid Hormones/*biosynthesis |
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Northrop Grumman Information Technology, San Antonio, Texas 78228, USA. fred.previc@brooks.af.mil |
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0002-9483 |
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PMID:12124921 |
Approved ![sorted by Approved field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4108 |
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Author |
Schwartz, B.L.; Evans, S. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Episodic memory in primates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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Volume |
55 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
71-85 |
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Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Discrimination Learning; Hominidae/*psychology; Humans; *Memory; Self Concept |
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Abstract |
Episodic memory refers to a system of memory with the capacity to recollect specific events from an individual's life. Some psychologists have suggested that episodic memory is a uniquely human phenomenon. We challenge that idea and present evidence that great apes and other primates may possess episodic-like memory. We review criteria developed to assess episodic-like memory in nonhumans, and how they apply to primates. In particular, we discuss the criteria of Clayton et al. [2001], who stated that episodic-like memory is based on the retrieval of multiple and integrated components of an event. We then review eight studies examining memory in great apes and apply the Clayton et al. criteria to each of them. We summarize the evidence that is compatible with the existence of episodic-like memory, although none of the data completely satisfy the Clayton et al. criteria. Morover, feelings of pastness and feelings of confidence, which mark episodic memory in humans, have not been empirically addressed in nonhuman primates. Future studies should be directed at these aspects of memory in primates. We speculate on the functional significance of episodic memory in nonhuman primates. |
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Dept of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA. SchwartB@fiu.edu |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:11668526 |
Approved ![sorted by Approved field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4115 |
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Author |
Heath-Lange, S.; Ha, J.C.; Sackett, G.P. |
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Title |
Behavioral measurement of temperament in male nursery-raised infant macaques and baboons |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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47 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
43-50 |
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Keywords |
Age Factors; Animal Technicians; Animals; Animals, Newborn/psychology; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Defecation; Facial Expression; Humans; Irritable Mood; Macaca fascicularis/*psychology; Male; Papio/*psychology; Sex Characteristics; Species Specificity; Temperament/*physiology; Urination; Vocalization, Animal; Weaning |
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Abstract |
We define temperament as an individual's set of characteristic behavioral responses to novel or challenging stimuli. This study adapted a temperament scale used with rhesus macaques by Schneider and colleagues [American Journal of Primatology 25:137-155, 1991] for use with male pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina, n = 7), longtailed macaque (M. fascicularis, n = 3), and baboon infants (Papio cynocephalus anubis, n = 4). Subjects were evaluated twice weekly for the first 5 months of age during routine removal from their cages for weighing. Behavioral measures were based on the subject's interactions with a familiar human caretaker and included predominant state before capture, response to capture, contact latency, resistance to tester's hold, degree of clinging, attention to environment, defecation/urination, consolability, facial expression, vocalizations, and irritability. Species differences indicated that baboons were more active than macaques in establishing or terminating contact with the tester. Temperament scores decreased over time for the variables Response to Capture and Contact Latency, indicating that as they grew older, subjects became less reactive and more bold in their interactions with the tester. Temperament scores changed slowly with age, with greater change occurring at younger ages. The retention of variability in reactivity between and within species may be advantageous for primates, reflecting the flexibility necessary to survive in a changing environment. |
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Department of Psychology and Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. crgsjh@vmmc.org |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:9888720 |
Approved ![sorted by Approved field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4117 |
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Author |
Cowley, J.J.; Griesel, R.D. |
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Title |
The effect on growth and behaviour of rehabilitating first and second generation low protein rats |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1966 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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14 |
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4 |
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506-517 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Diet Therapy; Dietary Proteins; Female; *Growth; Humans; Intelligence; Learning; Male; Mental Retardation/etiology; Protein Deficiency/*therapy; Rats |
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0003-3472 |
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PMID:6008473 |
Approved ![sorted by Approved field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4119 |
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