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	Author	Trillmich, F.; Rehling, A.
	Title	Animal Communication: Parent-Offspring			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2006	Publication	Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	284-288
	Keywords	Begging Strategies; Communication; Competition; Feeding Strategies; Fitness; Parental Care; Parent-Offspring Conflict; Recognition; Sibling Conflict
	Abstract	Parent-offspring communication has evolved under strong selection to guarantee that the valuable resource of parental care is expended efficiently on raising offspring. To ensure allocation of parental care to their own offspring, individual recognition becomes established in higher vertebrates when the young become mobile at a time when a nest site can no longer provide a safe cue to recognition. Such recognition needs to be established by rapid, sometimes imprinting-like, processes in animals producing precocial offspring. In parents, offering strategies that stimulate feeding and entice offspring to approach the right site have evolved. Such parental signals can be olfactory, acoustic, or visual. In offspring, begging strategies involve shuffling for the best place to obtain food – be this the most productive teat or the best position in the nest. This involves signals that make the offspring particularly obvious to the parent. Parents often feed young according to their signaling intensity but may also show favoritism for weaker offspring. Offspring signals also serve to communicate the continuing presence of the young and may thereby maintain brood-care behavior in parents. Internal processes in parents may end parental care irrespective of further signaling by offspring, thus ensuring that offspring cannot manipulate parents into providing substantially more care than is optimal for their own fitness.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Elsevier	Place of Publication	Oxford	Editor	Keith Brown
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	9780080448541	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4642
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	Author	Holekamp, K.E.
	Title	Questioning the social intelligence hypothesis			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Trends in Cognitive Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Trends. Cognit. Sci.
	Volume	11	Issue	2	Pages	65-69
	Keywords
	Abstract	The social intelligence hypothesis posits that complex cognition and enlarged [`]executive brains' evolved in response to challenges that are associated with social complexity. This hypothesis has been well supported, but some recent data are inconsistent with its predictions. It is becoming increasingly clear that multiple selective agents, and non-selective constraints, must have acted to shape cognitive abilities in humans and other animals. The task now is to develop a larger theoretical framework that takes into account both inter-specific differences and similarities in cognition. This new framework should facilitate consideration of how selection pressures that are associated with sociality interact with those that are imposed by non-social forms of environmental complexity, and how both types of functional demands interact with phylogenetic and developmental constraints.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1364-6613	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4795
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	Author	Chaya, L.; Cowan, E.; McGuire, B.
	Title	A note on the relationship between time spent in turnout and behaviour during turnout in horses (Equus caballus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	98	Issue	1-2	Pages	155-160
	Keywords	Horse; Behaviour; Turnout; Welfare
	Abstract	We examined if time spent in turnout influenced behaviour during turnout for horses maintained in stalls and given either 2Â h/week (nÂ =Â 7) or 12Â h/week (nÂ =Â 7) of turnout. Horses turned out for 2Â h/week were more likely than those turned out for 12Â h/week to trot, canter, and buck. Frequency of trotting and cantering was also higher and frequency of grazing lower in horses turned out for 2Â h/week. These results have welfare implications and support previous studies showing that horses react to confinement with increased activity when not confined.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0168-1591	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4815
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	Author	Schiele, K. A. L. M.
	Title	Einfluss reduzierter Futterzuteilung zweier verschiedener Heuqualitäten auf Passagedauer und Verdaulichkeit bei Ponies			Type	Manuscript
	Year	2006	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Über die Auswirkungen der Futtermenge und der Futterqualität auf die scheinbare Verdaulichkeit und die mittlere Retentionszeit beim Pferd gibt es zahlreiche Arbeiten mit zum Teil recht widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen. So existiert eine Hypothese, wonach bei geringerer Energiedichte im Futter die TS-Aufnahme steigt und die mittlere Retentionszeit abnimmt. Dadurch soll bei Equiden eine ausreichende Energieaufnahme trotz geringer Energiedichte im Futter erreicht werden (JANIS 1976, DUNCAN et al.1990). In nahezu allen Studien zu diesem Thema wurden Futter mit unterschiedlichem Nährstoffgehalt bei konstanter Futteraufnahme bzw. ad libitum Fütterung untersucht. Nur bei PEARSON et al. (2001 und 2006) findet sich für jedes Futter ein Vergleich von zwei verschiedenen Futtermengen, nämlich ad libitum und 70% der ad libitum Futteraufnahme. Systematische Untersuchungen bei Pferden zu Futtermengen, die unterhalb des Erhaltungsbedarfes liegen, fehlen bisher. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollen deshalb im Wesentlichen drei Fragen geklärt werden: Â· Gibt es einen Einfluss von Futtermengen unterhalb des Erhaltungsbedarfes auf die mittlere Retentionszeit? Â· Haben Veränderungen der mittleren Retentionszeit einen Einfluss auf die scheinbare Verdaulichkeit? Â· Wie unterscheiden sich diese Effekte in Abhängigkeit von der Futterzusammensetzung? Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie sollen vor allem bezüglich ihrer Auswirkungen auf die praktische Pferdefütterung betrachtet werden.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis	Doctoral thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4952
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	Author	Purvis, A.
	Title	The h index: playing the numbers game			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Trends in Ecology & Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Trends. Ecol. Evol
	Volume	21	Issue	8	Pages	422-422
	Keywords
	Abstract	Article Outline References The ‘h index’ was developed recently as a measure of research performance [1]: a researcher's h is the number of his or her papers that have been cited at least h times. In their thoughtful critique of the index, Kelly and Jennions [2] point out many ways in which h is no better than ‘traditional’ bibliometrics, such as total citation counts. However, there is one way in which, for researchers, it could be very much better, especially if (as Hirsch suggests [1]) it is to inform hiring and promotion decisions. The skewed nature of the distribution of citations among publications means that most researchers have several papers that nearly but not quite count. Consequently, h can be distorted much more easily than can total citation count just by finding a subtle way to cite one's own papers that are ‘bubbling under’. Incidentally, bats show broadly the same life-history allometries as other mammalian clades [3].
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0169-5347	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5046
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	Author	Brooks, S. M.
	Title	Animal-assisted psychotherapy and equine-fasciliated psychotherapy.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2006	Publication	Psychotherapy and Equine Facilitated Psychotherapy,	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	196-217
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Guilford Press	Place of Publication	New York	Editor	Webb, N.B.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5071
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	Author	Sumpter, D.J.T.
	Title	The principles of collective animal behaviour			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci.
	Volume	361	Issue	1465	Pages	5-22
	Keywords
	Abstract	In recent years, the concept of self-organization has been used to understand collective behaviour of animals. The central tenet of self-organization is that simple repeated interactions between individuals can produce complex adaptive patterns at the level of the group. Inspiration comes from patterns seen in physical systems, such as spiralling chemical waves, which arise without complexity at the level of the individual units of which the system is composed. The suggestion is that biological structures such as termite mounds, ant trail networks and even human crowds can be explained in terms of repeated interactions between the animals and their environment, without invoking individual complexity. Here, I review cases in which the self-organization approach has been successful in explaining collective behaviour of animal groups and societies. Ant pheromone trail networks, aggregation of cockroaches, the applause of opera audiences and the migration of fish schools have all been accurately described in terms of individuals following simple sets of rules. Unlike the simple units composing physical systems, however, animals are themselves complex entities, and other examples of collective behaviour, such as honey bee foraging with its myriad of dance signals and behavioural cues, cannot be fully understood in terms of simple individuals alone. I argue that the key to understanding collective behaviour lies in identifying the principles of the behavioural algorithms followed by individual animals and of how information flows between the animals. These principles, such as positive feedback, response thresholds and individual integrity, are repeatedly observed in very different animal societies. The future of collective behaviour research lies in classifying these principles, establishing the properties they produce at a group level and asking why they have evolved in so many different and distinct natural systems. Ultimately, this research could inform not only our understanding of animal societies, but also the principles by which we organize our own society.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1098/rstb.2005.1733			Approved	yes
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5145
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	Author	Widdig, A.; Streich, W.; Nürnberg, P.; Croucher, P.; Bercovitch, F.; Krawczak, M.
	Title	*Paternal kin bias in the agonistic interventions of adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
	Volume	61	Issue	2	Pages	205-214
	Keywords	Biomedical and Life Sciences
	Abstract	When agonistic interventions are nepotistic, individuals are expected to side more often with kin but less often against kin in comparison with non-kin. As yet, however, few mammal studies have been in a position to test the validity of this assertion with respect to paternal relatedness. We therefore used molecular genetic kinship testing to assess whether adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from the free-ranging colony of Cayo Santiago (Puerto Rico) bias their interventions in ongoing dyadic aggressive interactions towards maternal and paternal half-sisters compared with unrelated females. It turned out that females supported maternal half-sisters significantly more often than paternal half-sisters or non-kin regardless of the costs associated with such interventions. Similarly, females targeted maternal half-sisters significantly less often than non-kin when this was associated with high costs. Unrelated females provided significantly higher mean rates of both high- and low-cost support to each other than did paternal half-sisters. However, females targeted paternal half-sisters significantly less often than non-kin when targeting was at low cost, suggesting that females refrain from intervening against paternal half-sisters. Our data confirm the general view that coalition formation in female mammals is a function of both the level of maternal relatedness and of the costs of intervention. The patterns of coalition formation among paternal kin were found to be more complex, and may also differ across species, but clear evidence for paternal kin discrimination was observed in female rhesus as predicted by kin selection theory.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin / Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0340-5443	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5251
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	Author	Sakai, M.; Hishii, T.; Takeda, S.; Kohshima, S.
	Title	*Laterality of flipper rubbing behaviour in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus): Caused by asymmetry of eye use?*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Behavioural Brain Research	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Brain. Res.
	Volume	170	Issue	2	Pages	204-210
	Keywords	Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin; Tursiops aduncus; Social behaviour; Contact behaviour; Flipper rubbing; Behavioural laterality; Eye use; Cerebral asymmetry
	Abstract	To determine whether wild Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) at Mikura Island, Japan, show asymmetry of eye or flipper use during a social behaviour, we investigated the laterality of flipper-to-body (F-B) rubbing, in which one dolphin (“rubber”) rubs the body of another (“rubbee”) with its flipper. We analysed 382 episodes of video-recorded F-B rubbings performed by identified individuals (N = 111 rubbers). F-B rubbing was conducted significantly more frequently with the left flipper than with the right flipper. The duration of F-B rubbings was also significantly longer with the left flipper than with the right flipper. Of 20 dolphins, nine individuals showed significant left-side bias as the rubber in this behaviour, whereas no dolphins showed significant right-side bias. The results indicate a population-level left-side bias of the rubber in F-B rubbing. An analysis of the swimming configurations during this behaviour suggests that the asymmetry in F-B rubbing was caused not only by the laterality of the rubber, but by a preference for use of the left eye in both dolphins during this behaviour. Dolphins used the left eye significantly more frequently than the right eye during the inquisitive behaviour, while they showed no significant bias in flipper use during the object-carrying behaviour. These facts also suggest that the asymmetry of F-B rubbing is caused by the preference for using the left eye. Significant left-side bias was observed only in F-B rubbings initiated by the rubbee, in which the rubbee determined its position during this behaviour. This suggests that this behavioural asymmetry was enhanced by the rubbees choosing the left side of the rubber to ensure better and longer rubs.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0166-4328	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5347
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	Author	Riesch, R.; Ford, J.K.B.; Thomsen, F.
	Title	Stability and group specificity of stereotyped whistles in resident killer whales, Orcinus orca, off British Columbia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Animal Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Anim.Behav.
	Volume	71	Issue	1	Pages	79-91
	Keywords
	Abstract	Resident killer whales off British Columbia form four acoustically distinct clans, each with a unique dialect of discrete pulsed calls. Three clans belong to the northern and one to the southern community. Resident killer whales also produce tonal whistles, which play an important role in close-range communication within the northern community. However, there has been no comparative analysis of repertoires of whistles across clans. We investigated the structural characteristics, stability and group specificity of whistles in resident killer whales off British Columbia. Acoustic recordings and behavioural observations were made between 1978 and 2003. Whistles were classified spectrographically and additional observers were used to confirm our classification. Whistles were compared across clans using discriminant function analysis. We found 11 types of stereotyped whistles in the northern and four in the southern community with some of the whistle types being stable over at least 13 years. In northern residents, 10 of the 11 whistle types were structurally identical in two of the three acoustic clans, whereas the whistle types of southern residents differed clearly from those of the northern residents. Our study shows that killer whales that have no overlap in their call repertoire use essentially the same set of stereotyped whistles. Shared stereotyped whistles might provide a community-level means of recognition that facilitates association and affiliation of members of different clans, which otherwise use distinct signals. We further suggest that vocal learning between groups plays an important role in the transmission of whistle types.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-3472	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5423
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