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Author |
Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Parker, G.A. |
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Title |
Punishment in animal societies |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
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Nature |
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373 |
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6511 |
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209-216 |
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Although positive reciprocity (reciprocal altruism) has been a focus of interest in evolutionary biology, negative reciprocity (retaliatory infliction of fitness reduction) has been largely ignored. In social animals, retaliatory aggression is common, individuals often punish other group members that infringe their interests, and punishment can cause subordinates to desist from behaviour likely to reduce the fitness of dominant animals. Punishing strategies are used to establish and maintain dominance relationships, to discourage parasites and cheats, to discipline offspring or prospective sexual partners and to maintain cooperative behaviour. |
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10.1038/373209a0 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4838 |
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Author |
Packer, C. |
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Title |
Reciprocal altruism in Papio anubis |
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Journal Article |
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1977 |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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265 |
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441-445 |
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10.1038/265441a0 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4840 |
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Author |
Nowak, M.A.; Sigmund, K. |
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Title |
Tit for tat in heterogeneous populations |
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1992 |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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355 |
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250-253 |
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10.1038/355250a0 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4842 |
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Maynard Smith, J.; Price, G.R. |
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Title |
The Logic of Animal Conflict |
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1973 |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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246 |
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15-18 |
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10.1038/246015a0 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4844 |
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Author |
Hamilton, W.D. |
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Title |
Selfish and Spiteful Behaviour in an Evolutionary Model |
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Year |
1970 |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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228 |
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1218-1220 |
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10.1038/2281218a0 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4853 |
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Author |
Reeve, H.K. |
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Title |
Queen activation of lazy workers in colonies of the eusocial naked mole-rat |
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Journal Article |
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1992 |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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358 |
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147-149 |
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10.1038/358147a0 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4921 |
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Author |
Foster, K.R.; Ratnieks, F.L.W. |
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Title |
Social insects: Facultative worker policing in a wasp |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
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Nature |
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Volume |
407 |
Issue |
6805 |
Pages |
692-693 |
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Kin-selection theory predicts that in social-insect colonies where the queen has mated multiple times, the workers will enforce cooperation by policing each other's reproduction1, 2, 3, 4. We have discovered a species, the wasp Dolichovespula saxonica, in which some queens mate once and others mate many times, and in which workers frequently attempt reproduction, allowing this prediction to be tested directly. We find that multiple mating by the queen leads to mutual policing by workers, whereas single mating does not. |
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Macmillan Magazines Ltd. |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/35037665 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4940 |
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Author |
Harrison, S.A.; Tong, F. |
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Title |
Decoding reveals the contents of visual working memory in early visual areas |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Nature |
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458 |
Issue |
7238 |
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632-635 |
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Visual working memory provides an essential link between perception and higher cognitive functions, allowing for the active maintenance of information about stimuli no longer in view1, 2. Research suggests that sustained activity in higher-order prefrontal, parietal, inferotemporal and lateral occipital areas supports visual maintenance3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and may account for the limited capacity of working memory to hold up to 3–4 items9, 10, 11. Because higher-order areas lack the visual selectivity of early sensory areas, it has remained unclear how observers can remember specific visual features, such as the precise orientation of a grating, with minimal decay in performance over delays of many seconds12. One proposal is that sensory areas serve to maintain fine-tuned feature information13, but early visual areas show little to no sustained activity over prolonged delays14, 15, 16. Here we show that orientations held in working memory can be decoded from activity patterns in the human visual cortex, even when overall levels of activity are low. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and pattern classification methods, we found that activity patterns in visual areas V1–V4 could predict which of two oriented gratings was held in memory with mean accuracy levels upwards of 80%, even in participants whose activity fell to baseline levels after a prolonged delay. These orientation-selective activity patterns were sustained throughout the delay period, evident in individual visual areas, and similar to the responses evoked by unattended, task-irrelevant gratings. Our results demonstrate that early visual areas can retain specific information about visual features held in working memory, over periods of many seconds when no physical stimulus is present. |
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Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/nature07832 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4944 |
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Author |
Watts, D.J.; Strogatz, S.H. |
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Title |
Collective dynamics of /`small-world/' networks |
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Journal Article |
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1998 |
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Nature |
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Volume |
393 |
Issue |
6684 |
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440-442 |
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Networks of coupled dynamical systems have been used to model biological oscillators Josephson junction arrays excitable media, neural networks spatial games11, genetic control networks12 and many other self-organizing systems. Ordinarily, the connection topology is assumed to be either completely regular or completely random. But many biological, technological and social networks lie somewhere between these two extremes. Here we explore simple models of networks that can be tuned through this middle ground: regular networks 'rewired' to introduce increasing amounts of disorder. We find that these systems can be highly clustered, like regular lattices, yet have small characteristic path lengths, like random graphs. We call them 'small-world' networks, by analogy with the small-world phenomenon (popularly known as six degrees of separation). The neural network of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the power grid of the western United States, and the collaboration graph of film actors are shown to be small-world networks. Models of dynamical systems with small-world coupling display enhanced signal-propagation speed, computational power, and synchronizability. In particular, infectious diseases spread more easily in small-world networks than in regular lattices. |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/30918 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4989 |
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Author |
Prather, J.F.; Peters, S.; Nowicki, S.; Mooney, R. |
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Title |
Precise auditory-vocal mirroring in neurons for learned vocal communication |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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451 |
Issue |
7176 |
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305-310 |
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Brain mechanisms for communication must establish a correspondence between sensory and motor codes used to represent
the signal. One idea is that this correspondence is established at the level of single neurons that are active when the
individual performs a particular gesture or observes a similar gesture performed by another individual. Although neurons
that display a precise auditory–vocal correspondence could facilitate vocal communication, they have yet to be identified.
Here we report that a certain class of neurons in the swamp sparrow forebrain displays a precise auditory–vocal
correspondence. We show that these neurons respond in a temporally precise fashion to auditory presentation of certain
note sequences in this songbird’s repertoire and to similar note sequences in other birds’ songs. These neurons display
nearly identical patterns of activity when the bird sings the same sequence, and disrupting auditory feedback does not alter
this singing-related activity, indicating it is motor in nature. Furthermore, these neurons innervate striatal structures
important for song learning, raising the possibility that singing-related activity in these cells is compared to auditory
feedback to guide vocal learning. |
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Nature Publishing Group |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/nature06492 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5062 |
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