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	Author	Herbert Gintis; Samuel Bowles; Robert Boyd; Ernst Fehr
	Title	Explaining altruistic behavior in humans			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Evolution and Human Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	24	Issue	3	Pages	153-172
	Keywords	Altruism; Reciprocity; Experimental games; Evolution of cooperation
	Abstract	Recent experimental research has revealed forms of human behavior involving interaction among unrelated individuals that have proven difficult to explain in terms of kin or reciprocal altruism. One such trait, strong reciprocity is a predisposition to cooperate with others and to punish those who violate the norms of cooperation, at personal cost, even when it is implausible to expect that these costs will be repaid. We present evidence supporting strong reciprocity as a schema for predicting and understanding altruism in humans. We show that under conditions plausibly characteristic of the early stages of human evolution, a small number of strong reciprocators could invade a population of self-regarding types, and strong reciprocity is an evolutionary stable strategy. Although most of the evidence we report is based on behavioral experiments, the same behaviors are regularly described in everyday life, for example, in wage setting by firms, tax compliance, and cooperation in the protection of local environmental public goods.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1090-5138	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ S1090-5138(02)00157-5			Serial	4943
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	Author	Noë, R.; Hammerstein, P.
	Title	Biological markets			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Trends in Ecology & Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Trends. Ecol. Evol
	Volume	10	Issue	8	Pages	336-339
	Keywords
	Abstract	In biological markets, two classes of traders exchange commodities to their mutual benefit. Characteristics of markets are: competition within trader classes by contest or outbidding; preference for partners offering the highest value; and conflicts over the exchange value of commodities. Biological markets are currently studied under at least three different headings: sexual selection, intraspecific cooperation and interspecific mutualism. The time is ripe for the development of game theoretic models that describe the common core of biological markets and integrate existing knowledge from the separate fields.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0169-5347	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4993
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	Author	Purvis, A.
	Title	The h index: playing the numbers game			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Trends in Ecology & Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Trends. Ecol. Evol
	Volume	21	Issue	8	Pages	422-422
	Keywords
	Abstract	Article Outline References The ‘h index’ was developed recently as a measure of research performance [1]: a researcher's h is the number of his or her papers that have been cited at least h times. In their thoughtful critique of the index, Kelly and Jennions [2] point out many ways in which h is no better than ‘traditional’ bibliometrics, such as total citation counts. However, there is one way in which, for researchers, it could be very much better, especially if (as Hirsch suggests [1]) it is to inform hiring and promotion decisions. The skewed nature of the distribution of citations among publications means that most researchers have several papers that nearly but not quite count. Consequently, h can be distorted much more easily than can total citation count just by finding a subtle way to cite one's own papers that are ‘bubbling under’. Incidentally, bats show broadly the same life-history allometries as other mammalian clades [3].
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0169-5347	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5046
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	Author	List, C.
	Title	Democracy in animal groups: a political science perspective			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Trends in Ecology & Evolution (Personal Edition)	Abbreviated Journal	Trends Ecol Evol
	Volume	19	Issue	4	Pages	168-169
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0169-5347	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16701250			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5137
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	Author	Lusseau, D.
	Title	Evidence for social role in a dolphin social network			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Evolutionary Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Evol. Ecol.
	Volume	21	Issue	3	Pages	357-366
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstract Social animals have to take into consideration the behaviour of conspecifics when making decisions to go by their daily lives. These decisions affect their fitness and there is therefore an evolutionary pressure to try making the right choices. In many instances individuals will make their own choices and the behaviour of the group will be a democratic integration of everyone’s decision. However, in some instances it can be advantageous to follow the choice of a few individuals in the group if they have more information regarding the situation that has arisen. Here I provide early evidence that decisions about shifts in activity states in a population of bottlenose dolphin follow such a decision-making process. This unshared consensus is mediated by a non-vocal signal, which can be communicated globally within the dolphin school. These signals are emitted by individuals that tend to have more information about the behaviour of potential competitors because of their position in the social network. I hypothesise that this decision-making process emerged from the social structure of the population and the need to maintain mixed-sex schools.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5154
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	Author	Wilson, S. D.; Clark, A. B.; Coleman, K.; Dearstyne, T.
	Title	Shyness and boldness in humans and other animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Trends in Ecology & Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Trends. Ecol. Evol
	Volume	9	Issue	11	Pages	442-446
	Keywords
	Abstract	The shy-bold continuum is a fundamental axis of behavioral variation in humans and at least some other species, but its taxonomic distribution and evolutionary implications are unknown. Models of optimal risk, density- or frequency-dependent selection, and phenotypic plasticity can provide a theoretical framework for understanding shyness and boldness as a product of natural selection. We sketch this framework and review the few empirical studies of shyness and boldness in natural populations. The study of shyness and boldness adds an interesting new dimension to behavioral ecology by focusing on the nature of continuous behavioral variation that exists within the familiar categories of age, sex and size.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0169-5347	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5161
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	Author	Bergmüller, R.
	Title	Animal Personality and Behavioural Syndromes			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2010	Publication	Animal Behaviour – Evolution and Mechanisms	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	587-621
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer	Place of Publication	Heidelberg	Editor	Kappeler, P.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5179
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	Author	van Schaik, C.P.
	Title	Social learning and culture in animals			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2010	Publication	Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	623-653
	Keywords	Life Sciences
	Abstract	Most animals must learn some of the behaviours in their repertoire, and some must learn most. Although learning is often thought of as an individual exercise, in nature much learning is social, i.e. under the influence of conspecifics. Social learners acquire novel information or skills faster and at lower cost, but risk learning false information or useless skills. Social learning can be divided into learning from social information and learning through social interaction. Different species have different mechanisms of learning from social information, ranging from selective attention to the environment due to the presence of others to copying of complete motor sequences. In vertical (or oblique) social learning, naïve individuals often learn skills or knowledge from parents (or other adults), whereas horizontal social learning is from peers, either immatures or adults, and more often concerns eavesdropping and public information use. Because vertical social learning is often adaptive, maturing individuals often have a preference for it over individual exploration. The more cognitively demanding social learning abilities probably evolved in this context, in lineages where offspring show long association with parents and niches are complex. Because horizontal learning can be maladaptive, especially when perishable information has become outdated, animals must decide when to deploy social learning. Social learning of novel skills can lead to distinct traditions or cultures when the innovations are sufficiently rare and effectively transmitted socially. Animal cultures may be common but to date taxonomic coverage is insufficient to know how common. Cultural evolution is potentially powerful, but largely confined to humans, for reasons currently unknown. A general theory of culture is therefore badly needed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor	Kappeler, P.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-642-02624-9	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5268
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	Author	Pusey, A.E.
	Title	Sex-biased dispersal and inbreeding avoidance in birds and mammals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Trends in Ecology & Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Trends. Ecol. Evol
	Volume	2	Issue	10	Pages	295-299
	Keywords
	Abstract	Sex differences in dispersal distance are widespread in birds and mammals, but the predominantly dispersing sex differs consistently between the classes. There has been persistent debate over the relative importance of two factors -- intrasexual competition and inbreeding avoidance -- in producing sex-biased dispersal, and over the sources of the difference in dispersal patterns between the two classes. Recent studies cast new light on these questions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0169-5347	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5326
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	Author	Kerth, G.
	Title	Group decision-making in animal societies			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2010	Publication	Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	241-265
	Keywords	Life Sciences
	Abstract	Individuals need to coordinate their activities to benefit from group living. Thus group decisions are essential for societies, especially if group members cooperate with each other. Models show that shared (democratic) decisions outperform unshared (despotic) decisions, even if individuals disagree about actions. This is surprising as in most other contexts, differences in individual preferences lead to sex-, age-, or kin-specific behaviour. Empirical studies testing the predictions of the theoretical models have only recently begun to emerge. This applies particularly to group decisions in fission-fusion societies, where individuals can avoid decisions that are not in their interest. After outlining the basic ideas and theoretical models on group decision-making I focus on the available empirical studies. Originally most of the relevant studies have been on social insects and fish but recently an increasing number of studies on mammals and birds have been published, including some that deal with wild long-lived animals living in complex societies. This includes societies where group members have different interests, as in most mammals, and which have been less studied compared to eusocial insects that normally have no conflict among their colony members about what to do. I investigate whether the same decision rules apply in societies with conflict and without conflict, and outline open questions that remain to be studied. The chapter concludes with a synthesis on what is known about group decision-making in animals and an outlook on what I think should be done to answer the open questions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor	Kappeler, P.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-642-02624-9	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5381
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