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Author |
Stock, K.F.; Hamann, H.; Distl, O. |
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Title |
Factors associated with the prevalence of osseous fragments in the limb joints of Hanoverian Warmblood horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet J |
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Volume |
171 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
147-156 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Body Weight/physiology; Female; Horse Diseases/*epidemiology/genetics/*radiography; Horses; Joint Diseases/epidemiology/genetics/radiography/*veterinary; Male; Pedigree; Prevalence |
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Abstract |
Factors associated with the prevalence of osseous fragments (OF) in fetlock and hock joints were investigated in a population of young Hanoverian Warmblood horses selected for sale at auction from 1991 to 1998. The study was based on results of a standardized radiological examination of 3127 horses. The prevalences of OF in the two joints were significantly dependent on the date, type and quality of the auction, the region of origin and on the anticipated suitability of the horses for dressage and/or show-jumping. The probability of finding OF increased with wither-height. Furthermore, there was a significant association of the individual sire with the prevalence of OF in both fetlock and hock joints, and of the maternal grandsire with the prevalence of OF in the hock joints. Consequently, both non-genetic and genetic parameters should be taken into account in order to reduce the prevalence of OF in young Warmblood riding horses. |
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Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany. kathrin-friederike.stock@tiho-hannover.de |
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ISSN |
1090-0233 |
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Notes |
PMID:16427591 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3712 |
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Author |
Voss, B.; Mohr, E.; Krzywanek, H. |
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Title |
Effects of aqua-treadmill exercise on selected blood parameters and on heart-rate variability of horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of Veterinary Medicine. A, Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med |
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Volume |
49 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
137-143 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Electrocardiography/veterinary; Exercise Test/veterinary; Female; Heart Rate/*physiology; Hemoglobins/metabolism; Horses/*physiology; Lactic Acid/blood; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal/*physiology; Water |
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Abstract |
The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of Aquatraining of horses (aqua-treadmill exercise; treadmill manufactured by Equitech – L.u.S. Equipment, Warendorf, Germany) on selected blood parameters [lactic acid concentration (mmol/l), haemoglobin content (g/l)] and on heart-rate variability (HRV) [heart rate (beats per min; b.p.m.), standard deviation of all NN-intervals (SDNN; ms), normalized power of the low and high frequency band (LFnorm, Hfnorm; au), % recurrence, % determinism and ratio(corr)]. Seven horses performed six exercise tests with different work loads (walking (x = 1.56 +/- 0.08 m/s) and trotting (x = 2.9 +/- 0.13 m/s): dry, water above the carpus and water above the elbow). The standardized test-protocol was: 5 min warm-up at walk while the water was pumped in, followed by the 20-min exercise period at walk or trot, followed by a 5-min walk while pumping out the water. Blood samples were taken prior to each test at rest in the stable, as well as exactly 5 min after the end of the 20-min exercise period. Electrocardiograms were recorded during rest and the 20-min exercise period. Compared to rest, neither the chosen velocities, the two water levels, nor the dry tests led to a significant increase of the lactic acid concentration in any horse. The haemoglobin content showed a significant increase as a result of exercise. Significant differences could be found between the heart rates at rest and the six exercise tests and between the mean of the levels 'walking' and the mean of the levels 'trotting'. An exercise-induced change of HRV was characterized by a decreasing SDNN, a significantly higher LFnorm (sympathetic influence) combined with a significantly lower HF(norm) power (parasympathetic activity) and a rising degree of order (significantly higher % determinism and nearly unchanged % recurrence) and stability (significantly rising ratio(corr)) of the recurrence plot. In conclusion, the used training-protocol for aqua-treadmill exercises only represents a medium-sized aerobic work load for horses, but the different levels of burden were indicated especially by changes in HRV. |
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Institute for Veterinary Physiology of the Free University Berlin, Germany |
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ISSN |
0931-184X |
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Notes |
PMID:12019954 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4049 |
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Author |
Ricard, A.; Chanu, I. |
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Title |
Genetic parameters of eventing horse competition in France |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Genetics, Selection, Evolution. : GSE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Genet Sel Evol |
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Volume |
33 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
175-190 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; France; Genotype; Horses/*genetics; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Selection (Genetics); *Sports; Stereotyped Behavior |
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Abstract |
Genetic parameters of eventing horse competitions were estimated. About 13 000 horses, 30 000 annual results during 17 years and 110 000 starts in eventing competitions during 8 years were recorded. The measures of performance were logarithmic transformations of annual earnings, annual earnings per start, and annual earnings per place, and underlying variables responsible for ranks in each competition. Heritabilities were low (0.11 / 0.17 for annual results, 0.07 for ranks). Genetic correlations between criteria were high (greater than 0.90) except between ranks and earnings per place (0.58) or per start (0.67). Genetic correlations between ages (from 5 to 10 years old) were also high (more than 0.85) and allow selection on early performances. The genetic correlation between the results in different levels of competition (high/international and low/amateur) was near 1. Genetic correlations of eventing with other disciplines, which included partial aptitude needed for eventing, were very low for steeplechase races (0.18) and moderate with sport: jumping (0.45), dressage (0.58). The results suggest that selection on jumping performance will lead to some positive correlated response for eventing performance, but much more response could be obtained if a specific breeding objective and selection criteria were developed for eventing. |
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Institut national de la recherche agronomique, Station de genetique quantitative et appliquee, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France. ugenata@dga.inra.fr |
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English |
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ISSN |
0999-193X |
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Notes |
PMID:11333833 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3728 |
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Author |
Elsaesser, F.; Klobasa, F.; Ellendorff, F. |
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Title |
ACTH stimulation test for the determination of salivary cortisol and of cortisol responses as markers of the training status/fitness of warm-blooded sports horses] |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
DTW. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift |
Abbreviated Journal |
Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr |
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Volume |
108 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
31-36 |
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Keywords |
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/*diagnostic use; Animals; Health; Horses/*physiology; Hydrocortisone/*analysis/*secretion; Male; Orchiectomy; *Physical Conditioning, Animal; Running; Saliva/*chemistry; Walking |
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Abstract |
Previous work (Marc et al., 2000) suggested that plasma cortisol responses to treadmill exercise or ACTH injection are a reliable marker for performance evaluation in warmblood horses. For practical purposes blood sample collections and treadmill exercise tests are somewhat troublesome and time consuming. The goal of this study was thus to evaluate the use of saliva for cortisol determination (by direct EIA) as a marker for performance and to investigate the reliability and repeatability of plasma cortisol responses to a single i.v. injection of ACTH (50 micrograms or 250 micrograms). Furthermore, the effect of training horses for 8 weeks 3 times per week covering the same distance (increasing from 3.5 km during the first week to 8 km during the last week) either by trotting (approximately 240 m/min) or by cantering (375 m/min) was investigated. For this purpose initially ten four-year-old Hannovarian geldings, all reared in the same State stud, were used. Mean overall correlation between salivary cortisol and plasma cortisol concentrations was 0.64 when samples of various points of time were used. However, in spite of attempts to standardize saliva sample collection, correlation between salivary cortisol levels and plasma cortisol levels at distinct points of time in different tests were low and significant (r = 0.85, p < 0.02) only in one test. Thus, salivary cortisol measurements for diagnostic purposes are not reliable or useful. The repeatability of plasma cortisol responses to ACTH for untrained and trained horses were r = 0.86 and r = 0.8 respectively (p < or = 0.01 and p < or = 0.05 respectively). Training horses either by trotting or cantering did not affect the cortisol response either to treadmill exercise or to stimulation by ACTH. It is concluded that the relationship between salivary cortisol levels and plasma cortisol levels is not close enough to allow the use of salivary cortisol determination as marker of the training status/fitness of horses. The repeatability of the cortisol response to ACTH is similar to the cortisol response to treadmill exercise. Based on plasma cortisol responses to ACTH or treadmill exercise training horses by cantering at low speed is not superior to training by trotting for the fitness of horses. |
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Address |
Institut fur Tierzucht und Tierverhalten Mariensee (FAL), Holtystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt. elsaesser@tzv.fal.de |
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German |
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Original Title |
ACTH Stimulationstest und Bestimmung von Cortisol im Blut und Speichel zur Bewertung des Trainingszustands/der Kondition beim Warmblutpferd |
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ISSN |
0341-6593 |
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Notes |
PMID:11232423 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4053 |
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Author |
Wallner, B.; Brem, G.; Muller, M.; Achmann, R. |
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Title |
Fixed nucleotide differences on the Y chromosome indicate clear divergence between Equus przewalskii and Equus caballus |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim Genet |
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Volume |
34 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
453-456 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Base Sequence; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics; Genetic Variation/*genetics; Horses/classification/*genetics; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Probability; Species Specificity; Y Chromosome/*genetics |
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Abstract |
The phylogenetic relationship between Equus przewalskii and E. caballus is often a matter of debate. Although these taxa have different chromosome numbers, they do not form monophyletic clades in a phylogenetic tree based on mtDNA sequences. Here we report sequence variation from five newly identified Y chromosome regions of the horse. Two fixed nucleotide differences on the Y chromosome clearly display Przewalski's horse and domestic horse as sister taxa. At both positions the Przewalski's horse haplotype shows the ancestral state, in common with the members of the zebra/ass lineage. We discuss the factors that may have led to the differences in mtDNA and Y-chromosomal observations. |
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Address |
Institut fur Tierzucht und Genetik, Veterinarmedizinische Universitat Wien, Veterinarplatz, Wien, Austria. wallner@i122server.vu-wien.ac.at |
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English |
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ISSN |
0268-9146 |
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Notes |
PMID:14687077 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5038 |
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Author |
Vollmerhaus, B.; Roos, H.; Gerhards, H.; Knospe, C. |
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Title |
[Phylogeny, form and function of canine teeth in the horse] |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Anatomia, histologia, embryologia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anat Histol Embryol |
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Volume |
32 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
212-217 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Cuspid/*anatomy & histology/radiography; Evolution; Horses/*anatomy & histology; Male; Phylogeny; *Social Dominance |
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Abstract |
The canine teeth of the horse developed phylogenically from the simple, pointed, short-rooted tooth form of the leaf eating, in pairs living, Eocene horse Hyracotherium and served up to the Oligocene as a means of defense (self preservation). In the Miocene the living conditions of the Merychippus changed and they took to eating grass and adopted as a new behavior the life in a herd. The canine teeth possibly played an important role in fights for social ranking; they changed from a crown form to knife-like shape. In the Pliohippus the canine tooth usually remained in male horses and since the Pliocene, it contributed to the fights between stallions, to ensure that the offspring only came from the strongest animals (preservation of the species). Form and construction of the canine tooth are described and discussed in detail under the above mentioned phylogenic and ethologic aspects. |
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Address |
Institut fur Tieranatomie und Chirurgische Tierklinik der Universitat Munchen, Veterinarstrasse 13, D 80539 Munchen, Deutschland. c-neumueller@anat.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de |
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German |
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Original Title |
[Zur Phylogenie, Form und Funktion der Dentes canini des Pferdes] |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0340-2096 |
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Notes |
PMID:12919071 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
672 |
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Author |
van der Willigen, R.F.; Frost, B.J.; Wagner, H. |
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Title |
How owls structure visual information |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
6 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
39-55 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Cognition; Depth Perception; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Strigiformes; *Visual Perception |
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Abstract |
Recent studies on perceptual organization in humans claim that the ability to represent a visual scene as a set of coherent surfaces is of central importance for visual cognition. We examined whether this surface representation hypothesis generalizes to a non-mammalian species, the barn owl ( Tyto alba). Discrimination transfer combined with random-dot stimuli provided the appropriate means for a series of two behavioural experiments with the specific aims of (1) obtaining psychophysical measurements of figure-ground segmentation in the owl, and (2) determining the nature of the information involved. In experiment 1, two owls were trained to indicate the presence or absence of a central planar surface (figure) among a larger region of random dots (ground) based on differences in texture. Without additional training, the owls could make the same discrimination when figure and ground had reversed luminance, or were camouflaged by the use of uniformly textured random-dot stereograms. In the latter case, the figure stands out in depth from the ground when positional differences of the figure in two retinal images are combined (binocular disparity). In experiment 2, two new owls were trained to distinguish three-dimensional objects from holes using random-dot kinematograms. These birds could make the same discrimination when information on surface segmentation was unexpectedly switched from relative motion to half-occlusion. In the latter case, stereograms were used that provide the impression of stratified surfaces to humans by giving unpairable image features to the eyes. The ability to use image features such as texture, binocular disparity, relative motion, and half-occlusion interchangeably to determine figure-ground relationships suggests that in owls, as in humans, the structuring of the visual scene critically depends on how indirect image information (depth order, occlusion contours) is allocated between different surfaces. |
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Address |
Institut fur Biologie II, RWTH Aachen, Kopernikusstrasse 16, 52074, Aachen, Germany. willigen@bio2.rwth-aachen.de |
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English |
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ISSN |
1435-9448 |
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Notes |
PMID:12658534 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2582 |
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Author |
Schwarzenberger, F.; Mostl, E.; Bamberg, E.; Pammer, J.; Schmehlik, O. |
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Title |
Concentrations of progestagens and oestrogens in the faeces of pregnant Lipizzan, trotter and thoroughbred mares |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Reprod Fertil Suppl |
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Volume |
44 |
Issue |
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Pages |
489-499 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Estrogens/*analysis; Feces/*chemistry; Female; Gestational Age; Horses/*metabolism; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Labor, Obstetric; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal/*metabolism; Pregnenes/analysis; Progestins/*analysis |
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Abstract |
Faecal samples were collected at weekly intervals from pregnant Lipizzan mares during Weeks 7-16 following mating and from Lipizzan, Trotter and Thoroughbred mares during the last 3 months of gestation. After parturition, samples were taken daily from the Thoroughbred mares for another 6 days. Non-pregnant mares served as controls. The concentrations of unconjugated oestrogens (Eg), 20 alpha-OH-progestagens (20 alpha-G) and 20 beta-OH-progestagens (20 beta-G) were measured by enzyme immunoassay. In the faeces of Lipizzan mares, immunoreactive progestagens were significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated above the levels in non-pregnant mares by Week 11, and Eg by Week 13 of pregnancy onwards. During the last 3 months of gestation, concentrations of Eg were significantly higher in Trotter mares than in Lipizzan and Thoroughbred mares. Concentrations of 20 alpha-G and 20 beta-G increased to maximal values in the last month of gestation. There was no significant difference among the 3 breeds with respect to 20 alpha-G but, during the 10 weeks before parturition, concentrations of 20 beta-G in the Lipizzan mares were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than those in the Thoroughbred mares. They were also significantly lower than those of the Trotter mares during the last 4 weeks of gestation. After parturition, the concentrations of Eg and progestagens had declined to baseline values by Days 3 and 4 respectively. From these results we conclude that high concentrations of progestagens with 20 alpha- and 20 beta-hydroxyl groups are present in the faeces of pregnant mares, especially during the last month of gestation. |
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Institut fur Biochemie, Veterinary Medical University, Vienna, Austria |
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English |
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ISSN |
0449-3087 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:1795293 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
322 |
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Author |
Barrey, E.; Desliens, F.; Poirel, D.; Biau, S.; Lemaire, S.; Rivero, J.L.L.; Langlois, B. |
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Title |
Early evaluation of dressage ability in different breeds |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
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Volume |
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Issue |
34 |
Pages |
319-324 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Biomechanics; Breeding; Discriminant Analysis; Female; Forelimb; Gait/genetics/*physiology; Hindlimb; Horses/anatomy & histology/*genetics/*physiology; Male; Photography/veterinary; *Physical Conditioning, Animal; Sports |
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Abstract |
Dressage is one of the Olympic equestrian sports practiced in several countries using different horse breeds. Specific characteristics of the walk, trot and canter are required for dressage. It has been assumed that some of these traits could be selected for genetically and contribute to dressage performance. The purpose of this study was to compare the walk, trot and conformation characteristics in young horses of different breeds used for dressage. A total of 142 horses age 3 years were classified into 3 groups of breeds (German, French and Spanish saddle horses) and tested using the same procedure. The skeletal conformation measurements were made by image analysis. Gait variables of the walk and trot were measured by the accelerometric gait analysis system Equimetrix. Discriminant analysis could explain the variability between the groups by taking into account the walk (P<0.0003), trot (P<0.0001) and conformation variables (P<0.0001). Many gait and conformation variables were significantly different between the breeds. In summary, the German horses had gait characteristics more adapted for dressage competition, and the results of this group could be used as a reference for early evaluation in dressage. Purebred Spanish horses could be considered as a reference for collected gaits used for farm work and old academic dressage. The gait and conformation tests could be applied in a breeding or crossing plan to detect more accurately young horses with good dressage ability. |
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Address |
INRA, Station de Genetique Quantitative et Appliquee, Groupe Cheval, Jouy-en-Josas, France |
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English |
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Notes |
PMID:12405708 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3726 |
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Author |
Kaiser, L.; Heleski, C.R.; Siegford, J.; Smith, K.A. |
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Title |
Stress-related behaviors among horses used in a therapeutic riding program |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Vet Med Assoc |
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Volume |
228 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
39-45 |
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Keywords |
Adult; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Child; *Disabled Persons; Female; Horses/*psychology; Humans; Male; *Mentally Disabled Persons; Occupational Therapy/methods; Recreation; Risk Factors; Stress/*veterinary |
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Abstract |
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether therapeutic riding resulted in higher levels of stress or frustration for horses than did recreational riding and whether therapeutic riding with at-risk individuals was more stressful for the horses than was therapeutic riding with individuals with physical or emotional handicaps. DESIGN: Observational study. ANIMALS: 14 horses in a therapeutic riding program. PROCEDURE: An ethogram of equine behaviors was created, and horses were observed while ridden by 5 groups of riders (recreational riders, physically handicapped riders, psychologically handicapped riders, at risk children, and special education children). Number of stress-related behaviors (ears pinned back, head raised, head turned, head tossed, head shaken, head down, and defecation) was compared among groups. RESULTS: No significant differences in mean number of stress-related behaviors were found when horses were ridden by recreational riders, physically handicapped riders, psychologically handicapped riders, or special education children. However, mean number of stress-related behaviors was significantly higher when horses were ridden by the at-risk children. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that for horses in a therapeutic riding program, being ridden by physically or psychologically handicapped individuals is no more stressful for the horses than is being ridden in the same setting by recreational riders. However, at-risk children caused more stress to the horses, suggesting that the time horses are ridden by at-risk children should be limited both daily and weekly. |
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Address |
Human-Animal Bond Initiative, College of Nursing, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA |
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Language |
English |
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Original Title |
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Series Volume |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0003-1488 |
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Notes |
PMID:16426164 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1879 |
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