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Author |
Palleroni, A.; Hauser, M.; Marler, P. |
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Title |
Do responses of galliform birds vary adaptively with predator size? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
200-210 |
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Keywords |
Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Avoidance Learning; *Behavior, Animal; Body Size; Chickens; Female; Food Chain; Male; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Predatory Behavior; *Recognition (Psychology); Risk Assessment |
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Abstract |
Past studies of galliform anti-predator behavior show that they discriminate between aerial and ground predators, producing distinctive, functionally referential vocalizations to each class. Within the category of aerial predators, however, studies using overhead models, video images and observations of natural encounters with birds of prey report little evidence that galliforms discriminate between different raptor species. This pattern suggests that the aerial alarm response may be triggered by general features of objects moving in the air. To test whether these birds are also sensitive to more detailed differences between raptor species, adult chickens with young were presented with variously sized trained raptors (small, intermediate, large) under controlled conditions. In response to the small hawk, there was a decline in anti-predator aggression and in aerial alarm calling as the young grew older and less vulnerable to attack by a hawk of this size. During the same developmental period, responses to the largest hawk, which posed the smallest threat to the young at all stages, did not change; there were intermediate changes at this time in response to the middle-sized hawk. Thus the anti-predator behavior of the adult birds varied in an adaptive fashion, changing as a function of both chick age and risk. We discuss these results in light of current issues concerning the cognitive mechanisms underlying alarm calling behavior in animals. |
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Primate Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. aliparti@wjh.harvard.edu |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:15660209 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2496 |
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Author |
Musterle, B.; Furst, A.; Geyer, H.; Raber, M.; Weishaupt, M.A. |
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Title |
[Interactive educational DVD on hoof protection, horseshoeing and diseases of the hoof] |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde |
Abbreviated Journal |
Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd |
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Volume |
148 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
81-85 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Education, Veterinary/methods; Foot Diseases/pathology/therapy/*veterinary; Hoof and Claw/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Horse Diseases/*pathology/therapy; Horses/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Humans; Shoes; Videodisc Recording |
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Abstract |
Good cooperation between farrier, veterinarian and horse owner is an important prerequisite for optimal support of the horse with regards to shoeing and hoof health. The introduction of a joint educational aid aims to improve the level of education of both veterinarians and farriers. The interactive, multimedia approach represents an innovative new dimension in instruction techniques, predominantly provided through images and videos. The contents of the new teaching aid will focus on detailed anatomy of the foot and distal limb, as well as currently accepted shoeing practices and techniques and pathologic conditions of the hoof and foot. |
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Pferdeklinik der Universitat Zurich |
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German |
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Interaktives Lehrmittel Huf: Schutz, Beschlag und Erkrankungen |
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0036-7281 |
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PMID:16509169 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4033 |
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Author |
Leleu, C.; Cotrel, C. |
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Title |
Body composition in young standardbreds in training: relationships to body condition score, physiological and locomotor variables during exercise |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
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Volume |
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Issue |
36 |
Pages |
98-101 |
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Keywords |
Adipose Tissue/metabolism; Animals; Body Composition/*physiology; Body Constitution/*physiology; Body Weight/physiology; Exercise Test/veterinary; Female; Gait/physiology; Heart Rate/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Lactates/blood; Male; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism; Physical Conditioning, Animal/*physiology |
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Body composition is an essential factor in athletic performance of human sprinters and long distance runners. However, in horses, many questions remain concerning relationships between body composition and performance in the different equine activities. OBJECTIVES: To determine relationships between body composition, body score, physiological and locomotor variables in a population of young Standardbreds in training. METHODS: Twenty-four 2-year-old Standardbreds were studied, body condition on a scale 0-5 and bodyweight recorded, and height at withers measured. Percentage of fat (%F), fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) were estimated echographically. During a standardised exercise test on the track, velocity, heart rate, respiratory frequency and blood lactate concentrations were measured. V4 and V200 (velocity for a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol/l and velocity of 200 beats/min) calculated. Basic gait variables were measured at 3 different speeds with an accelerometric device. RESULTS: Body composition variables: %F and FM were significantly related to body condition score and physiological variables. Body score was highly correlated to %F (r = 0.64) and FM (r = 0.71). V4 was negatively correlated to %F (r = -0.59) and FM (r = -0.60), P<0.05. V200 was also negatively related to %F and FM, (r = -0.39 and r = -0.37, respectively, P<0.1). No relationships were found between body composition and gait characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Body composition was closely related to indirect measurements of aerobic capacity, which is a major factor of athletic performance in middle distance running horses. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: As in human athletes, trainers should take special note to evaluate optimal bodyweight and body composition of race horses to optimise performance. |
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Pegase Mayenne, Departement de Medecine du Sport, Centre Hospitalier, 53 015 Laval, France |
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PMID:17402400 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4015 |
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Author |
Reiss, D.; Marino, L. |
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Title |
Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: a case of cognitive convergence |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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Volume |
98 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
5937-5942 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Cognition; Dolphins/*physiology; *Visual Perception |
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Abstract |
The ability to recognize oneself in a mirror is an exceedingly rare capacity in the animal kingdom. To date, only humans and great apes have shown convincing evidence of mirror self-recognition. Two dolphins were exposed to reflective surfaces, and both demonstrated responses consistent with the use of the mirror to investigate marked parts of the body. This ability to use a mirror to inspect parts of the body is a striking example of evolutionary convergence with great apes and humans. |
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Address |
Osborn Laboratories of Marine Sciences, New York Aquarium, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brooklyn, NY 11224, USA. dlr28@columbia.edu |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:11331768 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2822 |
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Author |
Coleman, K.; Tully, L.A.; McMillan, J.L. |
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Title |
Temperament correlates with training success in adult rhesus macaques |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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Volume |
65 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
63-71 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Female; *Inhibition (Psychology); *Learning; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; *Reinforcement (Psychology); *Temperament |
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Abstract |
In recent years there has been a marked increase in awareness of issues involving the psychological well-being of nonhuman primates (NHPs) used in biomedical research. As a result, many facilities are starting to train primates to voluntarily cooperate with veterinary, husbandry, and research procedures, such as remaining still for blood draws or injections. Such training generally reduces the stress associated with these procedures, resulting in calmer animals and, ultimately, better research models. However, such training requires great investments in time, and there can be vast individual differences in training success. Some animals learn tasks quickly, while others make slower progress in training. In this study, we examined whether temperament, as measured by response to a novel food object, correlated with the amount of time it took to train 20 adult female rhesus macaques to perform a simple task. The monkeys were categorized as “exploratory” (i.e., inspected a novel object placed in the home cage within 10 sec), “moderate” (i.e., inspected the object within 10-180 sec), or “inhibited” (i.e., did not inspect the object within 3 min). We utilized positive reinforcement techniques to train the monkeys to touch a target (PVC pipe shaped like an elbow) hung on their cage. Temperament correlated with training success in this study (Pearson chi2=7.22, df=2, P=0.03). We easily trained over 75% of the animals that inspected the novel food (i.e., exploratory or moderate individuals) to touch the target. However, only 22% of the inhibited monkeys performed the task. By knowing which animals may not respond to conventional training methods, we may be able to develop alternate training techniques to address their specific needs. In addition, these results will allow us to screen monkeys to be assigned to research projects in which they will be trained, with the goal of obtaining the best candidates for those studies. |
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Address |
Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA. colemank@ohsu.edu |
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English |
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ISSN |
0275-2565 |
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Notes |
PMID:15645460 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4112 |
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Author |
Boysen, S.T.; Bernston, G.G.; Hannan, M.B.; Cacioppo, J.T. |
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Title |
Quantity-based interference and symbolic representations in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
22 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
76-86 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Pan troglodytes; *Reinforcement (Psychology); Task Performance and Analysis |
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Abstract |
Five chimpanzees with training in counting and numerical skills selected between 2 arrays of different amounts of candy or 2 Arabic numerals. A reversed reinforcement contingency was in effect, in which the selected array was removed and the subject received the nonselected candies (or the number of candies represented by the nonselected Arabic numeral). Animals were unable to maximize reward by selecting the smaller array when candies were used as array elements. When Arabic numerals were substituted for the candy arrays, all animals showed an immediate shift to a more optimal response strategy of selecting the smaller numeral, thereby receiving the larger reward. Results suggest that a response disposition to the high-incentive candy stimuli introduced a powerful interference effect on performance, which was effectively overridden by the use of symbolic representations. |
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Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1222, USA |
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English |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:8568498 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2781 |
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Author |
Thomas, K.E.; Annest, J.L.; Gilchrist, J.; Bixby-Hammett, D.M. |
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Non-fatal horse related injuries treated in emergency departments in the United States, 2001-2003 |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
British Journal of Sports Medicine |
Abbreviated Journal |
Br J Sports Med |
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Volume |
40 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
619-626 |
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Keywords |
Accident Prevention/methods; Accidental Falls/prevention & control; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Athletic Injuries/*epidemiology/prevention & control; Child; Child, Preschool; Emergency Service, Hospital/*statistics & numerical data; Female; Head Protective Devices/utilization; Health Promotion; *Horses; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Education; Sex Distribution; United States/epidemiology |
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Abstract |
OBJECTIVE: To characterise and provide nationally representative estimates of persons with non-fatal horse related injuries treated in American emergency departments. METHODS: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) is a stratified probability sample comprising 66 hospitals. Data on injuries treated in these emergency departments are collected and reported. NEISS-AIP data on all types (horseback riding and otherwise) of non-fatal horse related injuries from 2001 to 2003 were analysed. RESULTS: An estimated 102,904 persons with non-fatal horse related injuries (35.7 per 100,000 population) were treated in American emergency departments each year from 2001 to 2003 inclusive. Non-fatal injury rates were higher for females (41.5 per 100,000) than for males (29.8 per 100,000). Most patients were injured while mounted on a horse (66.1%), commonly from falling or being thrown by the horse; while not mounted, injuries most often resulted from being kicked by the horse. The body parts most often injured were the head/neck region (23.2%), lower extremity (22.2%), and upper extremity (21.5%). The most common principal diagnoses were contusions/abrasions (31.4%) and fractures (25.2%). For each year that was studied, an estimated 11 502 people sustained traumatic brain injuries from horse related incidents. Overall, more than 11% of those injured were admitted to hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Horse related injuries are a public health concern not just for riders but for anyone in close contact with horses. Prevention programmes should target horseback riders and horse caregivers to promote helmet use and educate participants about horse behaviour, proper handling of horses, and safe riding practices. |
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Office of Statistics and Programming, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA. KEThomas@cdc.gov |
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1473-0480 |
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PMID:16611723 |
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no |
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1866 |
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Author |
Pepperberg, I.M.; Brezinsky, M.V. |
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Title |
Acquisition of a relative class concept by an African gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus): discriminations based on relative size |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
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Volume |
105 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
286-294 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Aptitude; *Concept Formation; *Discrimination Learning; Form Perception; Male; Mental Recall; *Parrots; *Size Perception; Vocalization, Animal |
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Abstract |
We report that an African gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus), Alex, responds to stimuli on a relative basis. Previous laboratory studies with artificial stimuli (such as pure tones) suggest that birds make relational responses as a secondary strategy, only after they have acquired information about the absolute values of the stimuli. Alex, however, after learning to respond to a small set of exemplars on the basis of relative size, transferred this behavior to novel situations that did not provide specific information about the absolute values of the stimuli. He responded to vocal questions about which was the larger or smaller exemplar by vocally labeling its color or material, and he responded “none” if the exemplars did not differ in size. His overall accuracy was 78.7%. |
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Northwestern University |
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Washington, D.C. : 1983 |
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English |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:1935007 |
Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3610 |
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Author |
Previc, F.H. |
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Title |
Thyroid hormone production in chimpanzees and humans: implications for the origins of human intelligence |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
American Journal of Physical Anthropology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Phys Anthropol |
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118 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
402-3; discussion 404-5 |
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Animals; Humans; *Intelligence; Pan troglodytes/*metabolism; Species Specificity; Thyroid Hormones/*biosynthesis |
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Northrop Grumman Information Technology, San Antonio, Texas 78228, USA. fred.previc@brooks.af.mil |
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0002-9483 |
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PMID:12124921 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4108 |
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Author |
Fairhurst, S.; Gallistel, C.R.; Gibbon, J. |
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Title |
Temporal landmarks: proximity prevails |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
6 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
113-120 |
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Animals; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Reaction Time; *Time Perception |
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Abstract |
Subjects in conditioning experiments time their conditioned responses relative to the onsets of the conditioned stimuli (CSs). These onsets are temporal landmarks, by reference to which subjects may estimate the location of the unconditioned stimulus (US) in time. In a serial compound conditioning paradigm, a long duration CS comes on first, followed later by a second shorter CS, creating both a long-range and a short-range predictor of the US. We ask whether displacing the short-range predictor relative to the long-range predictor causes subjects to strike a compromise between the different temporal locations predicted by the two CSs. In three experiments with pigeons, we varied the training conditions so as to favor or militate against this outcome. However, in all conditions, there was no compromise; after the onset of the displaced short-range CS, the timing of conditioned responding was governed by it alone. This result contrasts with the compromises that are seen when the feeding time predicted by a CS is put in conflict with the time predicted by the circadian clock, and with the similar compromises sometimes seen when a nearby spatial landmark is displaced relative to a larger spatial context. |
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Address |
New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr., Unit 50, New York, NY 10032, USA |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:12720110 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2573 |
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