Records |
Author |
Shettleworth, S.J.; Westwood, R.P. |
Title |
Divided attention, memory, and spatial discrimination in food-storing and nonstoring birds, black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapilla) and dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
28 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
227-241 |
Keywords |
Animals; Attention/*physiology; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Birds; *Discrimination (Psychology); *Food Habits; Memory/*physiology; Space Perception/*physiology; Spatial Behavior/*physiology |
Abstract |
Food-storing birds, black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapilla), and nonstoring birds, dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis), matched color or location on a touch screen. Both species showed a divided attention effect for color but not for location (Experiment 1). Chickadees performed better on location than on color with retention intervals up to 40 s, but juncos did not (Experiment 2). Increasing sample-distractor distance improved performance similarly in both species. Multidimensional scaling revealed that both use a Euclidean metric of spatial similarity (Experiment 3). When choosing between the location and color of a remembered item, food storers choose location more than do nonstorers. These results explain this effect by differences in memory for location relative to color, not division of attention or spatial discrimination ability. |
Address ![sorted by Address field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada. shettle@psych.utoronto.ca |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:12136700 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
370 |
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Author |
Sekuler, A.B.; Lee, J.A.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
Title |
Pigeons do not complete partly occluded figures |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Perception |
Abbreviated Journal |
Perception |
Volume |
25 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
1109-1120 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Columbidae; *Visual Perception |
Abstract |
One of the most common obstacles to object perception is the fact that objects often occlude parts of themselves and parts of other objects. Perceptual completion has been studied extensively in humans, and researchers have shown that humans do complete partly occluded objects. In an effort to understand more about the mechanisms underlying completion, recent research has extended the study of perceptual completion to other mammalian species. Monkeys and mice also seem to complete two-dimensional representations of partly occluded objects. The present study addresses the question of whether this capacity generalizes to a nonmammalian species, the pigeon (Columba livia). The results point to a limit of the generalizability of perceptual completion: pigeons do not complete partly occluded figures. |
Address ![sorted by Address field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada |
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0301-0066 |
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PMID:8983050 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
377 |
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Author |
Sutton, J.E.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
Title |
Internal sense of direction and landmark use in pigeons (Columba livia) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
Volume |
119 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
273-284 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Columbidae; Conflict (Psychology); *Cues; Discrimination Learning; Homing Behavior; *Intuition; *Orientation; *Space Perception; Transfer (Psychology); *Visual Perception |
Abstract |
The relative importance of an internal sense of direction based on inertial cues and landmark piloting for small-scale navigation by White King pigeons (Columba livia) was investigated in an arena search task. Two groups of pigeons differed in whether they had access to visual cues outside the arena. In Experiment 1, pigeons were given experience with 2 different entrances and all pigeons transferred accurate searching to novel entrances. Explicit disorientation before entering did not affect accuracy. In Experiments 2-4, landmarks and inertial cues were put in conflict or tested 1 at a time. Pigeons tended to follow the landmarks in a conflict situation but could use an internal sense of direction to search when landmarks were unavailable. |
Address ![sorted by Address field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada. jsutton7@uwo.ca |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:16131256 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
360 |
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Author |
Hampton, R.R.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
Title |
Hippocampal lesions impair memory for location but not color in passerine birds |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Behavioral neuroscience |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Neurosci |
Volume |
110 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
831-835 |
Keywords |
Animals; Appetitive Behavior/physiology; Birds/*physiology; Brain Mapping; Color Perception/*physiology; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Hippocampus/*physiology; Long-Term Potentiation/physiology; Mental Recall/*physiology; Orientation/*physiology; Species Specificity |
Abstract |
The effects of hippocampal complex lesions on memory for location and color were assessed in black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus) and dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) in operant tests of matching to sample. Before surgery, most birds were more accurate on tests of memory for location than on tests of memory for color. Damage to the hippocampal complex caused a decline in memory for location, whereas memory for color was not affected in the same birds. This dissociation indicates that the avian hippocampus plays an important role in spatial cognition and suggests that this brain structure may play no role in working memory generally. |
Address ![sorted by Address field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
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0735-7044 |
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PMID:8864273 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
376 |
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Author |
Skov-Rackette, S.I.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
Title |
What do rats learn about the geometry of object arrays? Tests with exploratory behavior |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
31 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
142-154 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Discrimination Learning; *Exploratory Behavior; Female; *Form Perception; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans |
Abstract |
Six experiments using habituation of exploratory behavior tested whether disoriented rats foraging in a large arena encode the shapes of arrays of objects. Rats did not respond to changes in position of a single object, but they responded to a change in object color and to a change in position of 1 object in a square array, as in previous research (e.g., C. Thinus-Blanc et al., 1987). Rats also responded to an expansion of a square array, suggesting that they encoded sets of interobject distances rather than overall shape. In Experiments 4-6, rats did not respond to changes in sense of a triangular array that maintained interobject distances and angles. Shapes of object arrays are encoded differently from shapes of enclosures. |
Address ![sorted by Address field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. shannon.skov.rackette@utoronto.ca |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:15839772 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
363 |
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Author |
Shettleworth, S.J.; Sutton, J.E. |
Title |
Multiple systems for spatial learning: dead reckoning and beacon homing in rats |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
31 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
125-141 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cues; *Feeding Behavior; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; *Homing Behavior; *Learning; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; *Space Perception |
Abstract |
Rats homed with food in a large lighted arena. Without visual cues, they used dead reckoning. When a beacon indicated the home, rats could also use the beacon. Homing did not differ in 2 groups of rats, 1 provided with the beacon and 1 without it; tests without the beacon gave no evidence that beacon learning overshadowed dead reckoning (Experiment 1). When the beacon was at the home for 1 group and in random locations for another, there was again no evidence of cue competition (Experiment 2). Dead reckoning experience did not block acquisition of beacon homing (Experiment 3). Beacon learning and dead reckoning do not compete for predictive value but acquire information in parallel and are used hierarchically. |
Address ![sorted by Address field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. shettle@psych.utoronto.ca |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:15839771 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
364 |
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Author |
Skov-Rackette, S.I.; Miller, N.Y.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
Title |
What-where-when memory in pigeons |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
32 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
345-358 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant/physiology; Memory/*physiology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Space Perception/*physiology; Spatial Behavior/physiology; Teaching; Visual Perception/physiology |
Abstract |
The authors report a novel approach to testing episodic-like memory for single events. Pigeons were trained in separate sessions to match the identity of a sample on a touch screen, to match its location, and to report on the length of the retention interval. When these 3 tasks were mixed randomly within sessions, birds were more than 80% correct on each task. However, performance on 2 different tests in succession after each sample was not consistent with an integrated memory for sample location, time, and identity. Experiment 2 tested binding of location and identity memories in 2 different ways. The results were again consistent with independent feature memories. Implications for tests of episodic-like memory are discussed. |
Address ![sorted by Address field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:17044738 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
357 |
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Author |
Shettleworth, S.J. |
Title |
Memory and hippocampal specialization in food-storing birds: challenges for research on comparative cognition |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Brain, behavior and evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Brain Behav Evol |
Volume |
62 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
108-116 |
Keywords |
Animals; Birds/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Color Perception/physiology; Feeding Behavior/*physiology; Hippocampus/*physiology; Memory/*physiology; Species Specificity |
Abstract |
The three-way association among food-storing behavior, spatial memory, and hippocampal enlargement in some species of birds is widely cited as an example of a new 'cognitive ecology' or 'neuroecology.' Whether this relationship is as strong as it first appears and whether it might be evidence for an adaptive specialization of memory and hippocampus in food-storers have recently been the subject of some controversy [Bolhuis and Macphail, 2001; Macphail and Bolhuis, 2001]. These critiques are based on misconceptions about the nature of adaptive specializations in cognition, misconceptions about the uniformity of results to be expected from applying the comparative method to data from a wide range of species, and a narrow view of what kinds of cognitive adaptations are theoretically interesting. New analyses of why food-storers (black-capped chickadees, Poecile Atricapilla) respond preferentially to spatial over color cues when both are relevant in a memory task show that this reflects a relative superiority of spatial memory as compared to memory for color rather than exceptional spatial attention or spatial discrimination ability. New studies of chickadees from more or less harsh winter climates also support the adaptive specialization hypothesis and suggest that within-species comparisons may be especially valuable for unraveling details of the relationships among ecology, memory, and brain in food-storing species. |
Address ![sorted by Address field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., M5S 3G3, Canada. shettle@psych.utoronto.ca |
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0006-8977 |
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PMID:12937349 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
367 |
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Author |
Hostetter, A.B.; Russell, J.L.; Freeman, H.; Hopkins, W.D. |
Title |
Now you see me, now you don't: evidence that chimpanzees understand the role of the eyes in attention |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume |
10 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
55-62 |
Keywords |
Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; *Attention; Awareness; Female; Fixation, Ocular/*physiology; Humans; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Social Behavior; *Social Perception |
Abstract |
Chimpanzees appear to understand something about the attentional states of others; in the present experiment, we investigated whether they understand that the attentional state of a human is based on eye gaze. In all, 116 adult chimpanzees were offered food by an experimenter who engaged in one of the four experimental manipulations: eyes closed, eyes open, hand over eyes, and hand over mouth. The communicative behavior of the chimpanzees was observed. More visible behaviors were produced when the experimenter's eyes were visible than when the experimenter's eyes were not visible. More vocalizations were produced when the experimenter's eyes were closed than when they were open, but there were no differences in other attention getting behaviors. There was no effect of age or rearing history. The results suggest that chimpanzees use the presence of the eyes as a cue that their visual gestures will be effective. |
Address ![sorted by Address field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 W. Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA. abhostetter@wisc.edu |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:16847659 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2457 |
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Author |
Bennett, A.T. |
Title |
Do animals have cognitive maps? |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1996 |
Publication |
The Journal of Experimental Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Biol |
Volume |
199 |
Issue |
Pt 1 |
Pages |
219-224 |
Keywords |
Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Humans; Space Perception/*physiology; Visual Pathways |
Abstract |
Drawing on studies of humans, rodents, birds and arthropods, I show that 'cognitive maps' have been used to describe a wide variety of spatial concepts. There are, however, two main definitions. One, sensu Tolman, O'Keefe and Nadel, is that a cognitive map is a powerful memory of landmarks which allows novel short-cutting to occur. The other, sensu Gallistel, is that a cognitive map is any representation of space held by an animal. Other definitions with quite different meanings are also summarised. I argue that no animal has been conclusively shown to have a cognitive map, sensu Tolman, O'Keefe and Nadel, because simpler explanations of the crucial novel short-cutting results are invariably possible. Owing to the repeated inability of experimenters to eliminate these simpler explanations over at least 15 years, and the confusion caused by the numerous contradictory definitions of a cognitive map, I argue that the cognitive map is no longer a useful hypothesis for elucidating the spatial behaviour of animals and that use of the term should be avoided. |
Address ![sorted by Address field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Department of Pure Mathematics, University of Adelaide, Australia |
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0022-0949 |
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PMID:8576693 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2756 |
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