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Mitchell, D.; Kirschbaum, E.H.; Perry, R.L. |
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Title |
Effects of neophobia and habituation on the poison-induced avoidance of exteroceptive stimuli in the rat |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1975 |
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Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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1 |
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1 |
Pages |
47-55 |
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Animals; Avoidance Learning/*drug effects; *Awareness; *Cognition; Conditioning, Operant; Feeding Behavior/drug effects; *Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Lithium/administration & dosage/poisoning; Male; Rats; *Taste; Time Factors; *Visual Perception |
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Abstract |
Two experiments on the role of neophobia in poison-induced aversions to exteroceptive stimuli are reported. In Experiment 1, rats were given either 10 or 25 days of habituation to the test situation prior to conditioning. Those animals with the longer habituation period avoided a complex of novel exteroceptive stimuli while those with the shorter habituation period did not. In Experiment 2 rats initially avoided the more novel of two containers, but gradually came to eat equal amounts from both. A single pairing of toxicosis with consumption from either the novel or the familiar container reinstated the avoidance of the novel container in both cases. The results were discussed in terms of an interaction between habituation and conditioning procedures. It was suggested that previously reported differences between interoceptive and exteroceptive conditioning effects may have been influenced by the differential novelty of the two classes of stimuli in the test situation. It was further suggested that non-contingently poisoned control groups should routinely be included in poison avoidance conditioning studies. |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:1151289 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2791 |
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Author |
Sachs, E. |
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Title |
Dissociation of learning in rats and its similarities to dissociative states in man |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1967 |
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Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Psychopathological Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Annu Meet Am Psychopathol Assoc |
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55 |
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249-304 |
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Animals; Attention; Avoidance Learning; Chlorpromazine/pharmacology; Cognition; Conditioning (Psychology); Conflict (Psychology); *Dissociative Disorders; Fear; Humans; *Learning; Rats |
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0091-7389 |
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PMID:4862744 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2814 |
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McKinley, S.; Young, R.J. |
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Title |
The efficacy of the model-rival method when compared with operant conditioning for training domestic dogs to perform a retrieval-selection task |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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81 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
357-365 |
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Dogs; Learning; Operant conditioning; Model-rival; Cognition |
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Traditionally, dogs have been trained by operant conditioning techniques; that is, dogs make a desired behavioural response and this response is reinforced by a reward such as food. This type of training is very effective in training dogs to perform basic obedience behaviours (e.g. `stay'). However, dogs are social animals and should be predisposed to learn from social stimuli. In the present study, we used a modified version of the model-rival technique that has been extensively used in experiments investigating the cognitive ability of parrots. In this technique, social stimuli are used to create in the animal an interest in the object without the use of food or other rewards. Therefore, the animal learns the name of the object (intrinsic reward) and not that the object's name means food. In this experiment we compared the learning ability of nine pet dogs to solve the same retrieval-selection task having been previously trained using operant conditioning or model-rival techniques. The retrieval-selection task was the dogs had to correctly select the commanded object to bring to the experimenter from a group of three similar objects. The results show no difference in the speeds with which the dogs solved the test--demonstrating the efficacy of the model-rival method. This is the first time that the effectiveness of the model-rival technique has been experimentally demonstrated with dogs. Furthermore, we believe that the methodology reported in this paper has applications in dog training and in experiments into dog cognition. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2900 |
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Author |
Chalmeau, R.; Gallo, A. |
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Title |
Social constraints determine what is learned in the chimpanzee |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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28 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
173-179 |
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Keywords |
Operant conditioning; Social influence; Individual strategy; Chimpanzee |
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A group of six chimpanzees was placed in a social learning situation, without training. The learning task was an operant conditioning situation; that is, a subject had to pull two handles simultaneously to cause a piece of fruit to fall into the cage. Only three individuals acquired the operant behaviour. For the operant individuals, social influences on the expression of the learning task were then examined; the dominant chimpanzee during feeding had an inhibiting effect when close to the operant subjects. Depending on the subject, social factors may influence not only the specific expression of what is learnt, but also the nature of what is learnt. Chimpanzees appear to experience situations differently: they develop an individual problem-solving strategy according to their social relationships even if the experimental procedure is the same for all. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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569 |
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Cook, M.; Mineka, S.; Wolkenstein, B.; Laitsch, K. |
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Title |
Observational conditioning of snake fear in unrelated rhesus monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Journal of abnormal psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Abnorm Psychol |
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94 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
591-610 |
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Animals; *Conditioning, Classical; *Fear; Female; Macaca mulatta; Male; Snakes |
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0021-843X |
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PMID:4078162 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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707 |
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Rybarczyk, P.; Koba, Y.; Rushen, J.; Tanida, H.; de Passille, A.M. |
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Title |
Can cows discriminate people by their faces? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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74 |
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3 |
Pages |
175-189 |
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Dairy cows; Human-animal relationships; Discrimination; Learning; Facial recognition; Operant conditioning |
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This experiment examines the cues used by cattle to discriminate between people, particularly the role played by facial cues. We trained and tested eight Holstein cows 5 days each week for 2 months. For each cow, we used two people, a rewarder and a non-rewarder, of different size and dressed in overalls of the same colour. The operant chamber was a large box within which stood the two people. The cow could see, smell and touch each person. A lever was placed in front of each person. When the cow pushed the lever in front of the rewarder, it received 75 g of concentrate and nothing when it pushed on the other one. For each test session, the cows made 10 choices. The placement of the people was determined randomly according to the Gellerman series. The success criterion was defined as at least eight correct choices out of 10 trials for two consecutive sessions (binomial law P<0.003). During the shaping, seven cows out of eight learned to press the lever to obtain the food. The cows were then tested in a series of 10 trials with only the rewarder present. Seven out of seven cows succeeded in reaching the success criterion. In experiment 1, both the rewarder and the non-rewarder were present and standing upright at normal height and in full view of the cow. Five out of seven cows achieved the success criterion. In experiment 2, the cows could see only the faces of the two people. None of the cows were able to reach the success criterion. In experiment 3, both people were present standing up and wearing identical masks that completely covered their heads. Five cows out of five achieved the success criterion. In experiment 4, we changed the relative height of the people. Five cows out of five succeeded when the two people stood so they were of equal height but with their faces visible. However, no cows succeeded when the people were both of equal height and had their faces covered. This study suggests that cows seem to use multiple cues to discriminate between people. Cows appear able to use either body height or the face to discriminate between people but use of the face alone is more difficult when the cows cannot see the rest of the body. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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849 |
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Biederman, G.B.; Robertson, H.A.; Vanayan, M. |
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Title |
Observational learning of two visual discriminations by pigeons: a within-subjects design |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1986 |
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Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Anal Behav |
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46 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
45-49 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Attention; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Cues; *Discrimination Learning; *Imitative Behavior; Male; Visual Perception |
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Pigeon's observational learning of successive visual discrimination was studied using within-subject comparisons of data from three experimental conditions. Two pairs of discriminative stimuli were used; each bird was exposed to two of the three experimental conditions, with different pairs of stimuli used in a given bird's two conditions. In one condition, observers were exposed to visual discriminative stimuli only. In a second condition, subjects were exposed to a randomly alternating sequence of two stimuli where the one that would subsequently be used as S+ was paired with the operation of the grain magazine. In a third experimental condition, subjects were exposed to the performance of a conspecific in the operant discrimination procedure. After exposures to conspecific performances, there was facilitation of discriminative learning, relative to that which followed exposures to stimulus and reinforcement sequences or exposures to stimulus sequences alone. Exposure to stimulus and food-delivery sequences enhanced performance relative to exposure to stimulus sequences alone. The differential effects of these three types of exposure were not attributable to order effects or to task difficulty; rather, they clearly were due to the type of exposure. |
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0022-5002 |
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PMID:3746187 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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853 |
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McDonnell, S.M.; Henry,M. Bristol, F. |
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Title |
Spontaneous erection and masturbation in equids Proc 35th |
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1991 |
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J. Reprod. Fert. Suppl |
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44 |
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664-665 |
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Horse; Masturbation; Erection; Aversive conditioning; Sexual behavior; Ejaculation; Semen |
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This paper is part of the special issue entitled “Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Stallion Reproduction”, Guest Edited by Dr. Edward Squires. |
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1378 |
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Rubin, L.; Oppegard, C.; Hindz, H.F. |
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The effect of varying the temporal distribution of conditioning trials on equine learning behavior |
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Year |
1980 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
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J. Anim Sci. |
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50 |
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6 |
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1184-1187 |
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Animals; Conditioning (Psychology); *Horses; *Learning |
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Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of varying the temporal distrbution of conditioning sessions on equine learning behavior. In the first experiment, 15 ponies were trained to clear a small hurdle in response to a buzzer in order to avoid a mild electric shock. Three treatments were used. One group received 10 learning trials daily, seven times a week; one group was trained in the same fashion two times a week and one group was trained once a week. The animals conditioned only once a week achieved a high level of performance in significantly fewer sessions than the ones conditioned seven times a week, although elapsed time from start of training to completion was two to three times greater for the former group. The twice-a-week group learned at an intermediate rate. In the second experiment, the ponies were rearranged into three new groups. They were taught to move backward a specific distance in response to a visual cue in order to avoid an electric shock. Again, one group was trained seven times a week, one group was trained two times and one group was trained once a week. As in the first experiment, the animals trained once a week achieved the learning criteria in significantly fewer sessions than those trained seven times a week, but, as in trial 1, elapsed time from start to finish was greater for them. The two times-a-week group learned at a rate in-between the rates of the other two groups. |
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0021-8812 |
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PMID:7400060 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3558 |
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Heird, J.C.; Lennon, A.M.; Bell, R.W. |
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Title |
Effects of early experience on the learning ability of yearling horses |
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1981 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
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J. Anim Sci. |
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53 |
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5 |
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1204-1209 |
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Animals; Conditioning (Psychology); Female; *Handling (Psychology); Horses/*physiology; *Learning |
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Twenty-four yearling Quarter Horse fillies were divided into three groups (I) very limited handling, (II) intermediate handling and (III) extensive handling. At about 14 months of age, each horse was preconditioned for 2 weeks and then run in a simple place-learning T-maze test in which it had to locate its feed. Thirty trials were run daily for 20 days, with the location of the feed changed each day. To retire from the maze, a horse had to meet the criterion: 11 correct responses in 12 tries, with the last eight being consecutive. Horses in Group II required the fewest trials to reach criterion. These horses also learned more and had the highest percentage of correct responses (P less than .05). Mean trainability tended to predict learning ability; however, trainability and trials to criterion were not significantly correlated. Mean emotionality scores indicated a tendency for horses in the intermediately handled group to be less emotional than those in Group I or III. Results indicated that horses with an intermediate amount of handling scored higher on an intermediate test of learning. All handled horses scored higher on learning tests than those not handled. |
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0021-8812 |
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PMID:7319966 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3577 |
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