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Neumann, C.; Duboscq, J.; Dubuc, C.; Ginting, A.; Irwan, A.M.; Agil, M.; Widdig, A.; Engelhardt, A. |
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Title |
Assessing dominance hierarchies: validation and advantages of progressive evaluation with Elo-rating |
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2011 |
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Animal Behaviour |
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82 |
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4 |
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911-921 |
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David’s score; dominance hierarchy; dominance rank; Elo-rating; hierarchy stability; I&Si; Macaca mulatta; Macaca nigra; methodology |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5677 |
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Paramastri, Y.; Royo, F.; Eberova, J.; Carlsson, H.-E.; Sajuthi, D.; Fernstrom, A.-L.; Pamungkas, J.; Hau, J. |
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Urinary and fecal immunoglobulin A, cortisol and 11-17 dioxoandrostanes, and serum cortisol in metabolic cage housed female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
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Journal of Medical Primatology |
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36 |
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6 |
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355-364 |
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cortisol; cynomolgus monkey; immunoglobulin A; long tailed macaque; Macaca fascicularis; metabolism cage |
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Background and methods Quantitative enzyme-immunoassays of urinary and fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA), cortisol and 11-17-dioxoandrostanes (11,17-DOA), and serum cortisol in eight metabolic-cage-housed female cynomolgus monkeys were performed. The monkeys were divided into two groups, B and NB. Group B animals were blood sampled every 6 hours, whereas Group NB animals were not handled/blood sampled. Results No differences were recorded between the amounts of feces and urine excreted by the two groups. Group B animals excreted more urinary cortisol than did Group NB animals indicating that restraint-blood sampling resulted in a stress response. Excreted amounts of IgA and 11,17-DOA (urine and feces) did not differ between the groups. Conclusions Urinary cortisol was a reliable marker of the stress associated with repeated blood sampling. Declining amounts of excreted urinary cortisol indicated that cynomolgus monkeys acclimated quickly to repeated blood sampling in metabolism cages. Within and between animal variation in amounts of feces voided demonstrated the importance of expressing fecal markers as ‘amounts excreted per time unit per kg body weight’ rather than just measuring the concentrations in fecal samples. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1600-0684 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5854 |
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Duboscq, J.; Agil, M.; Engelhardt, A.; Thierry, B. |
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Title |
The function of postconflict interactions: new prospects from the study of a tolerant species of primate |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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87 |
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107-120 |
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Keywords |
aggression; anxiety; conflict management; female; Macaca nigra; reconciliation; social tolerance; third-party interaction |
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Aggression can generate anxiety, create uncertainty about its aftermath and jeopardise social relationships. Postconflict interactions serve as conflict management strategies to mitigate these consequences. Whereas postconflict interactions are well characterized in many animals, their functions are still insufficiently investigated. Four functional hypotheses have been proposed: stress reduction, relationship repair, self-protection and benign intent. We aimed to test these hypotheses in females of a tolerant macaque species, the crested macaque, Macaca nigra, under natural conditions, for three postconflict interactions: reconciliation, affiliation and aggression with third parties. Our results provide meaningful contrasts compared with findings in other species. We found no evidence that aggression had consequences for individuals' behavioural indicators of anxiety, although it increased the likelihood of secondary aggression with third parties. There was little evidence for the stress reduction hypothesis as the occurrence of any of the three postconflict interactions investigated had little effect on the measured behavioural indicators of anxiety. Conflict and dyad characteristics also had limited influence on anxiety. The relationship repair function was only partly validated: dyads with stronger bonds or that exchanged more support did not reconcile more often, but dyads with attributes related to the symmetry, stability and predictability (i.e. security) within relationships did. Patterns of initiation and directionality of postconflict interactions in this study population suggest that reconciliation may constitute the signalling of appeasement and benign intent. Furthermore, we found that aggression towards third parties may serve as a source of self-protection and reassertion of the females' social status. The distinctive pattern of postconflict management strategies revealed in wild female crested macaques appears to be related to their typically tolerant social style. These results demonstrate the usefulness of concomitantly studying aggression, postconflict interactions and their functions, to understand conflict management strategies comprehensively, while taking into account the level of social tolerance characterizing the studied society. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5889 |
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Merchant, H.; Fortes, A.F.; Georgopoulos, A.P. |
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Title |
Short-term memory effects on the representation of two-dimensional space in the rhesus monkey |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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7 |
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3 |
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133-143 |
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Analysis of Variance; Animals; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Macaca mulatta; Male; Memory, Short-Term/*physiology; Mental Processes/*physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/*physiology; Space Perception/*physiology |
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Human subjects represent the location of a point in 2D space using two independent dimensions (x-y in Euclidean or radius-angle in polar space), and encode location in memory along these dimensions using two levels of representation: a fine-grain value and a category. Here we determined whether monkeys possessed the ability to represent location with these two levels of coding. A rhesus monkey was trained to reproduce the location of a dot in a circle by pointing, after a delay period, on the location where a dot was presented. Five different delay periods (0.5-5 s) were used. The results showed that the monkey used a polar coordinate system to represent the fine-grain spatial coding, where the radius and angle of the dots were encoded independently. The variability of the spatial response and reaction time increased with longer delays. Furthermore, the animal was able to form a categorical representation of space that was delay-dependent. The responses avoided the circumference and the center of the circle, defining a categorical radial prototype around one third of the total radial length. This radial category was observed only at delay durations of 3-5 s. Finally, the monkey also formed angular categories with prototypes at the obliques of the quadrants of the circle, avoiding the horizontal and vertical axes. However, these prototypes were only observed at the 5-s delay and on dots lying on the circumference. These results indicate that monkeys may possess spatial cognitive abilities similar to humans. |
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Brain Sciences Center (11B), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, One Veterans Drive, MN 55417, Minneapolis, USA |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:14669074 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2548 |
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Fortes, A.F.; Merchant, H.; Georgopoulos, A.P. |
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Comparative and categorical spatial judgments in the monkey: “high” and “low” |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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7 |
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2 |
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101-108 |
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Animals; *Classification; Cognition; *Discrimination Learning; Form Perception; Macaca mulatta/*parasitology; Male; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Semantics; *Space Perception |
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Adult human subjects can classify the height of an object as belonging to either of the “high” or “low” categories by utilizing an abstract concept of midline that divides the vertical dimension into two halves. Children lack this abstract concept of midline, do not have a sense that these categories are directional opposites, and their categorical and comparative usages of high(er) or low(er) are restricted to the corresponding poles. We investigated the abilities of a rhesus monkey to perform categorical judgments in space. We were also interested in the presence of the congruity effect (a decrease in response time when the objects compared are closer to the category pole) in the monkey. The presence of this phenomenon in the monkey would allow us to relate the behavior of the animal to the two major competing hypotheses that have been suggested to explain the congruity effect in humans: the analog and semantic models. The monkey was trained in delayed match-to-sample tasks in which it had to categorize objects as belonging to either a high or low category. The monkey was able to generate an abstract notion of midline in a fashion similar to that of adult human subjects. The congruity effect was also present in the monkey. These findings, taken together with the notion that monkeys are not considered to think in propositional terms, may favor an analog comparison model in the monkey. |
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Brain Sciences Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:15069609 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2531 |
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Owren, M.J.; Dieter, J.A.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. |
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Vocalizations of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and Japanese (M. fuscata) macaques cross-fostered between species show evidence of only limited modification |
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Journal Article |
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1993 |
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Developmental psychobiology |
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Dev Psychobiol |
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26 |
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7 |
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389-406 |
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Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Discrimination Learning; Environment; Female; *Macaca; *Macaca mulatta; Male; Sound Spectrography; *Vocalization, Animal |
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Two rhesus and two Japanese macaque infants were cross-fostered between species in order to study the effects of auditory experience on vocal development. Both the cross-fostered and normally raised control subjects were observed over the first 2 years of life and their vocalizations were tape-recorded. We classified 8053 calls by ear, placed each call in one of six acoustic categories, and calculated the rates at which different call-types were used in different social contexts. Species differences were found in the use of “coo” and “gruff” vocalizations among control subjects. Japanese macaques invariably produced coos almost exclusively. In contrast, rhesus macaques produced a mixture of coos and gruffs and showed considerable interindividual variation in the relative use of one call type or the other. Cross-fostered Japanese macaques adhered to their species-typical behavior, rarely using gruffs. Cross-fostered rhesus subjects also exhibited species-typical behavior in many contexts, but in some situations produced coos and gruffs at rates that were intermediate between those shown by normally raised animals of the two species. This outcome suggests that environmentally mediated modification of vocal behavior may have occurred, but that the resulting changes were quite limited. |
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California Regional Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis |
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0012-1630 |
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PMID:8270122 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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700 |
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Brannon, E.M.; Cantlon, J.F.; Terrace, H.S. |
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The role of reference points in ordinal numerical comparisons by rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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32 |
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2 |
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120-134 |
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Animals; *Cognition; *Discrimination (Psychology); *Generalization (Psychology); Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; Mathematics; *Pattern Recognition, Visual |
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Two experiments examined ordinal numerical knowledge in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Experiment 1 replicated the finding (E. M. Brannon & H. S. Terrace, 2000) that monkeys trained to respond in descending numerical order (4-->3-->2-->1) did not generalize the descending rule to the novel values 5-9 in contrast to monkeys trained to respond in ascending order. Experiment 2 examined whether the failure to generalize a descending rule was due to the direction of the training sequence or to the specific values used in the training sequence. Results implicated 3 factors that characterize a monkey's numerical comparison process: Weber's law, knowledge of ordinal direction, and a comparison of each value in a test pair with the reference point established by the first value of the training sequence. |
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Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. brannon@duke.edu |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:16634655 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2761 |
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Author |
Ducoing, A.M.; Thierry, B. |
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Tool-use learning in Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana) |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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8 |
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2 |
Pages |
103-113 |
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Animals; *Association Learning; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Imitative Behavior; *Intelligence; Macaca/*psychology; Male; *Motor Skills |
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The transmission of tool use is a rare event in monkeys. Such an event arose in a group of semi-free-ranging Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana) in which leaning a pole against the park's fence (branch leaning) appeared and spread to several males. This prompted us to test individual and social learning of this behavior in seven young males. In the first experiment, three males learned individually to obtain a food reward using a wooden pole as a climbing tool. They began using the pole to retrieve the reward only when they could alternatively experience acting on the object and reaching the target. In a second experiment, we first tested whether four other subjects could learn branch leaning after having observed a group-mate performing the task. Despite repeated opportunities to observe the demonstrator, they did not learn to use the pole as a tool. Hence we exposed the latter subjects to individual learning trials and they succeeded in the task. Tool use was not transmitted in the experimental situation, which contrasts with observations in the park. We can conclude that the subjects were not able to recognize the target as such. It is possible that they recognized it and learned the task individually when we alternated the opportunity to act upon the object and to reach the reward. This suggests that these macaques could then have associated the action they exercised upon the pole and the use of the pole as a means to reach the reward. |
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Centre d'Ecologie et Physiologie Energetiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 7 rue de l'Universite, 67000, Strasbourg, France |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:15449102 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2508 |
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Author |
Stoet, G.; Snyder, L.H. |
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Task preparation in macaque monkeys ( Macaca mulatta) |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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6 |
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2 |
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121-130 |
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Animals; *Cognition; Conditioning, Classical; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; Reaction Time; Task Performance and Analysis; Visual Perception |
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Abstract |
We investigated whether macaque monkeys possess the ability to prepare abstract tasks in advance. We trained two monkeys to use different stimulus-response (S-R) mappings. On each trial, monkeys were first informed with a visual cue which of two S-R mapping to use. Following a delay, a visual target was presented to which they would respond with a left or right button-press. We manipulated delay time between cue and target and found that performance was faster and more accurate with longer delays, suggesting that monkeys used the delay time to prepare each task in advance. |
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Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., Box 8108, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. stoet@pcg.wustl.edu |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:12721788 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2572 |
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Author |
Subiaul, F.; Cantlon, J.F.; Holloway, R.L.; Terrace, H.S. |
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Title |
Cognitive imitation in rhesus macaques |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
305 |
Issue |
5682 |
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407-410 |
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Animals; *Cognition; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Macaca mulatta/*physiology/psychology; Male |
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Abstract |
Experiments on imitation typically evaluate a student's ability to copy some feature of an expert's motor behavior. Here, we describe a type of observational learning in which a student copies a cognitive rule rather than a specific motor action. Two rhesus macaques were trained to respond, in a prescribed order, to different sets of photographs that were displayed on a touch-sensitive monitor. Because the position of the photographs varied randomly from trial to trial, sequences could not be learned by motor imitation. Both monkeys learned new sequences more rapidly after observing an expert execute those sequences than when they had to learn new sequences entirely by trial and error. |
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Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. subiaul@aol.com |
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1095-9203 |
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PMID:15256673 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2839 |
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