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Author Beveridge, W.I.
Title Unravelling the ecology of influenza A virus Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Abbreviated Journal Hist Philos Life Sci
Volume 15 Issue 1 Pages 23-32
Keywords Animals; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*history/microbiology; Birds; Ecology; History, 20th Century; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/*history/microbiology; Horses; Humans; Influenza A virus/*isolation & purification; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/*history/microbiology/*veterinary; Swine; Swine Diseases/epidemiology/*history/microbiology; Zoonoses/history
Abstract For 20 years after the influenza A virus was discovered in the early 1930s, it was believed to be almost exclusively a human virus. But in the 1950s closely related viruses were discovered in diseases of horses, pigs and birds. Subsequently influenza A viruses were found to occur frequently in many species of birds, particularly ducks, usually without causing disease. Researchers showed that human and animal strains can hybridise thus producing new strains. Such hybrids may be the cause of pandemics in man. Most pandemics have started in China or eastern Russia where many people are in intimate association with animals. This situation provides a breeding ground for new strains of influenza A virus.
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ISSN 0391-9714 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:8310117 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2667
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Author Alexander, D.J.
Title Ecological aspects of influenza A viruses in animals and their relationship to human influenza: a review Type Journal Article
Year 1982 Publication Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Abbreviated Journal J R Soc Med
Volume 75 Issue 10 Pages 799-811
Keywords Animals; *Animals, Domestic; Bird Diseases/transmission; Birds; Disease Outbreaks; Ecology; Horse Diseases/transmission; Horses; Humans; Influenza A virus/genetics/isolation & purification; Influenza, Human/microbiology/*transmission/veterinary; Swine; Swine Diseases/transmission; Zoonoses/transmission
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ISSN 0141-0768 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:6752410 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2689
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Author Walker, M.L.; Becklund, W.W.
Title Occurrence of a cattle eyeworm, Thelazia gulosa (Nematoda: Thelaziidae), in an imported giraffe in California and T. lacrymalis in a native horse in Maryland Type Journal Article
Year 1971 Publication The Journal of Parasitology Abbreviated Journal J Parasitol
Volume 57 Issue 6 Pages 1362-1363
Keywords Animals; *Animals, Zoo; Artiodactyla; California; Ecology; Eye Diseases/epidemiology/*veterinary; Female; Horse Diseases/*epidemiology; Horses; Male; Maryland; Nematode Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary; Spiruroidea/*classification
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ISSN 0022-3395 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:5157171 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2725
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Author Stout, I.J.; Clifford, C.M.; Keirans, J.E.; Portman, R.W.
Title Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acarina: Ixodidae) established in southeastern Washington and northern Idaho Type Journal Article
Year 1971 Publication Journal of Medical Entomology Abbreviated Journal J Med Entomol
Volume 8 Issue 2 Pages 143-147
Keywords Animals; Arthropod Vectors; Disease Reservoirs/*epidemiology; Dogs; Ecology; Female; Horses; Humans; Idaho; Larva; Male; Seasons; Sheep; Tick Infestations/*epidemiology/veterinary; Ticks/*classification; Washington; Zoonoses
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ISSN 0022-2585 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:5157834 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2729
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Author Noë, R.; de Waal, F.B.; van Hooff, J.A.
Title Types of dominance in a chimpanzee colony Type Journal Article
Year 1980 Publication Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology Abbreviated Journal Folia Primatol (Basel)
Volume 34 Issue 1-2 Pages 90-110
Keywords Agonistic Behavior; Animals; Animals, Zoo; *Behavior, Animal; Competitive Behavior; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Male; *Pan troglodytes; *Social Dominance
Abstract This study examines to what extent the concept of dominance can be used to describe the social structure of a group of semi-free-living chimpanzees. 15 behavioural variables, based on agonistic, competitive and affinitive behaviour patterns, have been compared with respect to the interindividual directions in which they occurred. In this analysis use was made of indices that reflect the position an individual occupies in the relationship structure. These indices were calculated per individual for all variables and subjected to factor analysis and cluster analysis. As a result, 13 of the variables could be grouped in three categories which have been labelled: (1) agonistic dominance; (2) bluff dominance, and (3) competitive dominance. Whereas the top positions in the hierarchies based on the first two closely related types of dominance were occupied by the adult males, the hierarchy based on the third type was headed by several adult females.
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ISSN 0015-5713 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:7439873 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 212
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Author Boyd, L.
Title Behavior problems of equids in zoos Type Journal Article
Year 1986 Publication The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice Abbreviated Journal Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract
Volume 2 Issue 3 Pages 653-664
Keywords Aerophagy/veterinary; Aggression/psychology; Animals; *Animals, Zoo; *Behavior, Animal; Coprophagia/psychology; Female; *Horses; Impotence/veterinary; Male; Mastication; Motor Activity; *Perissodactyla; Pregnancy; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Environment
Abstract Behavior problems in zoo equids commonly result from a failure to provide for needs basic to equine nature. Equids are gregarious, and failure to provide companions may result in pacing. Wild equids spend 60 to 70 per cent of their time grazing, and failure to provide ad libitum roughage contributes to the problems of pacing, cribbing, wood chewing, and coprophagia. Mimicking the normal processes of juvenile dispersal, bachelor-herd formation, and mate acquisition reduces the likelihood of agonistic and reproductive behavior problems. Infanticide can be avoided by introducing new stallions to herds containing only nonpregnant mares and older foals.
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ISSN 0749-0739 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:3492252 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 660
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Author Hoff, M.P.; Powell, D.M.; Lukas, K.E.; Maple, T.L.
Title Individual and social behavior of lowland gorillas in outdoor exhibits compared with indoor holding areas Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 359-370
Keywords Behavior; Agonistic behavior; Spatial distribution; Primates; Social behavior; Housing; Zoo animals; Gorilla
Abstract The behavior of nine lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) living in three social groups at Zoo Atlanta was compared in an indoor holding area versus an outdoor exhibit. Focal animal data were collected for each animal during 15 min observation sessions, alternating between indoors and outdoors. A variety of solitary and social behaviors differed in the two conditions. All individual and social behaviors that showed a difference, except eating, occurred more indoors than outdoors. These included aggressive displays, reclining, self manipulation, and social examination of others. Additionally, the gorillas spent more time closer together in the indoor condition. A variety of other behaviors measured did not change between the two environments. There was a clear effect on behavior of the different housing conditions in which the gorillas were kept. It is suggested that the differences in aggressive behavior may be related to environmental complexity. It is further suggested that zoos should be aware that differences in behavior reported by caretaking staff, researchers and visitors may be a reflection of the differing environmental circumstances in which the animals are observed.
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Call Number Serial 2143
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Author Pluhacek, J.; Bartos, L.; Culik, L.
Title High-ranking mares of captive plains zebra Equus burchelli have greater reproductive success than low-ranking mares Type Journal Article
Year 2006 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 99 Issue 3-4 Pages 315-329
Keywords Equus burchelli; Social hierarchy; Reproductive success; Inter-birth interval; Zoo; Zebra
Abstract Plains zebra live in harems that include one to six adult mares. Between these mares is a strong order of social hierarchy. The social rank of an equid mare is typically correlated with her age. Further, high-ranking captive plains zebra mares produce more surviving offspring than low-ranking mares. The objectives of this study were to, first, examined the factors that influence social rank of captive plains zebra mares, and second, test if high-ranking mares conceive earlier and if they have shorter inter-birth intervals than low-ranking ones. We observed three herds of captive plains zebra (a total of 18 mares) at the Dvur Kralove Zoo, Czech Republic. During the 831 h of observation, we recorded 1713 aggressive interactions (biting and offensive kicking) between the mares. These data were used to determine, for each mare, the total number of mares that dominated her in each period of social stability. The GLMM model revealed that older mares were dominated by a lower number of mares than the younger mares. We also found that the probability that a mare would conceive declined with the increasing number of dominant mares. Further, we tested the relationship between the number of dominant mares and the inter-birth interval using 29 intervals for 15 mares. These inter-birth intervals were divided into two groups. When a stallion was continuously present in the herd, the intervals lasted from one birth to the next birth (natural intervals). When a herd was without a stallion, the intervals lasted from the release of the stallion into the herd to the birth of foal (stallion-influenced intervals). The analysis revealed that the inter-birth intervals decreased with an increasing number of dominant mares and the natural intervals decreased with an increasing number of offspring successfully reared by a mare. This finding is the first one in equids and contributes to the previous findings that suggest that social status influences reproductive success.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2228
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Author Valone, T.J.
Title Group foraging, public information, and patch estimation Type Journal Article
Year 1989 Publication Oikos Abbreviated Journal Oikos
Volume 56 Issue 3 Pages 357-363
Keywords Techniques; Mathematical techniques; Nutrition; Feeding behaviour; Behaviour; Social behaviour^, Comprehensive Zoology; Mathematical model; Resource patch estimation by group members; use of public information; Foraging; Group behaviour
Abstract Public information is information about the quality of a patch that can be obtained by observing the foraging success of other individuals in that patch. I examine the influence of the use of public information on patch departure and foraging efficiency of group members. When groups depart a patch with the first individual to leave, the use of public information can prevent the underutilization of resource patches.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4274
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Author Pluhácek, J.; Bartos, L.; Bartosová, J.; Kotrba, R.
Title Feeding behaviour affects nursing behaviour in captive plains zebra (Equus burchellii) Type Journal Article
Year 2010 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 128 Issue 1-4 Pages 97-102
Keywords Equus burchellii; Suckling; Nursing; Equid; Feeding; Zoo
Abstract Equids spend more than half of the day feeding. Lactation is a very demanding form of maternal investment. In an environment such as a zoo, where no grass but several feeding sites are present, conflict between suckling behaviour of the foal and feeding behaviour of the lactating mother should occur. We observed 20 foals of captive plains zebra, Equus burchellii, at the Dvur Králové Zoo, Czech Republic, and collected data concerning suckling events during 17 months of observation. First, we examined whether feeding by the mother while nursing affected suckling behaviour. We found that when the mother was feeding, the proportion of suckling bouts she terminated decreased with increasing age of the foal, whereas it did not change when she was not feeding. This result supported the trade-off between suckling and feeding behaviour which has been reported in other ungulates. Second, we examined what affected interruptions of feeding behaviour of the mother during the suckling bout. The proportion of interruptions of feeding by the mother during nursing increased with increasing age of her foal. This coincides with declining time spent nursing. In addition, younger mothers interrupted their feeding behaviour during suckling bouts more often than older ones. Mothers interrupted feeding during the suckling bout more often when they nursed a daughter than when they nursed a son. The results of our study show that feeding while suckling could reduce parent-offspring conflict and improve welfare of captive foals and mares.
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ISSN 0168-1591 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5280
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