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Author Byrne, R. W.; Russon, A. E.
Title Learning by imitation: a hierachical approach Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication Abbreviated Journal Behav. Brain Sci.
Volume 21 Issue Pages 667-721
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5598
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Author Whiten, A.; Ham, R.
Title On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: reappraisal of a century of research. Type Journal Article
Year 1992 Publication Abbreviated Journal Adv. Study Behav.
Volume 21 Issue Pages 239-283
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5599
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Author Sherry, D.F.; Galef Jr, B.G.
Title Cultural transmission without imitation: Milk bottle opening by birds Type Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication Animal Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages 937-938
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ISSN 0003-3472 ISBN Medium
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5611
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Author Byrne, R.W.
Title Do larger brains mean greater intelligence? Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Behavioral and Brain Sciences Abbreviated Journal Behav. Brain Sci.
Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 696-697
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Publisher Cambridge University Press Place of Publication Editor
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ISSN 1469-1825 ISBN Medium
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6171
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Author Bateson, P.
Title Play, playfulness, creativity and innovation. Type Journal Article
Year 2014 Publication Animal Behavior and Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav. Cogn.
Volume 1 Issue 2 Pages 99-112
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6553
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Author Williams, J.L.; Friend, T.H.; Nevill, C.H.; Archer, G.
Title The efficacy of a secondary reinforcer (clicker) during acquisition and extinction of an operant task in horses Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 88 Issue 3-4 Pages 331-341
Keywords Equine; Horse; Clicker training; Operant conditioning; Secondary reinforcers
Abstract (up) “Clicker training” is a popularly promoted training method based on operant conditioning with the use of a secondary reinforcer (the clicker). While this method draws from theories of learning and is used widely, there has been little scientific investigation of its efficacy. We used 60 horses, Equus callabus, and assigned each horse to one of six reinforcement protocols. The reinforcement protocols involved combinations of reinforcers administered (primary versus secondary plus primary), schedule of reinforcement (continuous versus variable ratio), and reinforcers applied during extinction (none or secondary). There were no differences (P>=0.11) between horses which received a secondary reinforcer (click) followed by the primary reinforcer (food) and those which received only the primary reinforcer (food) in the number of trials required to train the horses to touch their noses to a plastic cone (operant response). There also were no differences (P>=0.12) between horses which received the secondary reinforcer plus primary reinforcer and those which received only the primary reinforcer in regards to the number of trials to extinction. We conclude that there is no difference in the amount of training required to learn the operant task or in the task's resistance to extinction between horses that received a secondary reinforcer followed by a primary reinforcer versus horses which received only a primary reinforcer.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3581
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Author Berger, J.
Title Organizational systems and dominance in feral horses in the Grand Canyon Type Journal Article
Year 1977 Publication Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
Volume 2 Issue 2 Pages 131-146
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Abstract (up) 1. Several aspects of the behavioral ecology of feral horses (Equus caballus) were studied in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. Most bands contained three to five horses that included one stallion and his harem. Males that did not obtain a harem remained solitary. Throughout the study bands remained stable in composition.

2. Home ranges for all bands decreased in size in successive warm months, probably due to increased ambient temperature and drought. This resulted in greater utilization of spring areas that led to increased interband confrontation and agonistic display.

3. Territoriality was not observed in individual horses or bands, but bands hierarchial in both inter- and intraband structures. Interband stallion dominance was reinforced through posturing and fighting. Intraband hierarchies, as determined by dominance coefficients, were independent of individual size in three of four bands.

4. Indexes of nervousness (NER), calculated while horses were drinking, showed that stallions were less nervous than mares. A low NER was correlated with individuals leading toward drinking areas, whereas a high NER existed in individuals initiating flight although no single horse acted consistently as a leader.

5. Diurnal activity patterns were correlated with ambient temperatures.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 748
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Author Mason, W.A.; Hollis, J.H.
Title Communication between young rhesus monkeys Type Journal Article
Year 1962 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 10 Issue 3-4 Pages 211-221
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Abstract (up) 1. 1. The communication performance of 12 rhesus monkeys was investigated in a situation in which the rewards of both members of a pair of monkeys could not exceed chance levels unless the operator monkey responded to cues provided by the informant monkey which indicated the location of food. Each member of the pair was trained in both operator and informant roles in different phases of the experiment. Communication performance improved progressively to levels consistently above chance. However, communication learning appeared to be specific to the role in which the individual was trained, and when roles were reversed no evidence of transfer was obtained. Tests of foodsharing behaviour showed a substantial increase in the tendency to share food with the partner following communication training. This occurred however, only when the partner was the only social stimulus present; if another monkey was also present there was no evidence of preferential responses to the partner. In all phases of communication training, monkeys which were housed together performed more efficiently than did monkeys housed individually.2. 2. The acquisition of stimulus-producing responses was investigated by causing an opaque screen to remain in front of the informant unless the operator monkey pulled a vertical lever at the front of its restraining cage. Initially, operators responded immediately to the foodcarts, but with further testing there was a steady increase in the tendency to defer the response to the food-carts until the lever had been pulled, revealing the informant monkey.3. 3. Transfer of communication training was tested with new monkey informants, and with two inanimate stimuli, a mechanical puppet, and a stationary plaque. The latter two objects were placed behind the rewarded food-carts before each trial. There was clear evidence of positive transfer to each of these conditions, but marked differences among conditions were obtained. Performance with the monkeys averaged 76 per cent. correct, as compared with 62 and 40 per cent., with the puppet and the plaque, respectively.4. 4. To test the ability of trained operator monkeys to select the appropriate informant on the basis of behavioural cues, the communication situation was arranged so that two informant monkeys were present on all trials. However, on any trial only one of these informants could be rewarded, and the operator's rewards were contingent upon delivering food to this informant. Efficiency of discrimination began at approximately 45 per cent, (chance = 25 per cent. and improved progressively to levels above 75 per cent.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3017
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Author Wittig, R.M.; Boesch, C.
Title “Decision-making” in conflicts of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): an extension of the Relational Model Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages 491-504
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Abstract (up) >We examined the &#8220;decision-making&#8221; process of aggressive interactions within a community of wild chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes verus) in the Ta&#239; National Park, C&#244;te d&#8217;Ivoire (West Africa). Costs and benefits were investigated for 876 dyadic aggressive interactions among 18 adults (including 4 independent adolescents) of either sex. An extended version of the Relational Model was developed to describe the dynamics of the &#8220;decision-making&#8221; process in Ta&#239; chimpanzees, which suggests that the net benefit determines the occurrence of conflicts. Both sexes fought more frequently for the resources that were most important to them, food for females and social contexts for males. Individuals used two different strategies according to their likelihood of winning the aggressive interaction, determined by the dominance relationship of the conflict partners. Dominant initiators had longer and more intense aggressive interactions, but they limited their social disadvantages by fighting non-cooperative partners. Subordinate initiators had shorter and less intense aggressive interactions, but risked more social costs, which they could reduce afterwards by reconciliation. Both strategies included a positive overall net benefit. The extended Relational Model fits the complexity of wild chimpanzee conflicts and allows for more flexibility in the &#8220;decision-making&#8221; compared to the original version.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2206
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Author Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A.; Carini, C.M.
Title Mutual grooming and nearest-neighbor relationships among foals of Equus caballus Type Journal Article
Year 1986 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages 113-123
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Abstract (up) A 3-year study was carried out on the developmental behavior of foals from birth to 24 weeks of age and the behavior of mares living with foals. Mutual-grooming partners of foals were primarily other foals. The peak frequency of mutual grooming occurred during Weeks 9-12, when fillies mutual-groomed 1.6 times h-1 and colts mutual-groomed 0.9 times h-1. Fillies mutual-groomed more frequently than colts (P < 0.025). Fillies mutual-groomed randomly with colts and other fillies (P < 0.05), whereas colts mutual-groomed almost exclusively with fillies (P = 0.03). At all ages studied, if a foal's nearest neighbor was not its mother, it was more likely to be another foal than would be expected if the foal was associating randomly with non-mother ponies. Fillies were more likely than expected to have a filly rather than a colt as their nearest neighbor (P = 0.01). Thus, during their first few months of life, the foals studied exhibited patterns of behavior which were consistent with the development of the usual social milieu of unmanaged adults, in which several mares form a cohesive herd with one or more stallions associating with them.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2276
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