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Author Klimov, V.V.
Title Spatial-ethological organization of the herd of Przewalski horses (Equus przewalskii) in Askania-Nova Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 21 Issue 1-2 Pages 99-115
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Abstract (up) The ethological structure of the herd of Przewalski horses includes hierarchic ranks of horses which determine their social roles in the herd. Besides the age ranks, the wild horses are characterized by the formation of harem groups, a “leading” group of females, a group of bachelor stallions, family groups, etc. The ethological structure determines the spatial one, which is the form of distribution of horses over the territory, and its assimilation and transformation into a system of informative spatial units. Under the influence of “internal” and “external” stimuli, the intragoup regulatory mechanims (social adaptations) manifest themselves, which allow the herd to function in the complicated situation of the reserve and allow humans to control the herd by using these mechanisms. There are grounds to believe that, given the balanced ethological structure of these groups, wild horses could be successfully acclimatized into natural biotopes.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2330
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Author Tilson, R.L.; Sweeny, K.A.; Binczik, G.A.; Reindl, N.J.
Title Buddies and bullies: Social structure of a bachelor group of Przewalski horses Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 21 Issue 1-2 Pages 169-185
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Abstract (up) The Minnesota Zoological Garden established a bachelor (i.e. all-male) group of 8 Przewalski horses (Equus przewalskii) in 1984. Possible methods for mixing males emerged through preliminary introductions and review of the relevant literature. These included: (1) grouping colts (<=3 years old) after removing them from their natal bands; (2) introducing adult stallions to colts in spacious, controlled environments to reduce the risk of combat-related injury or death associated with largely unpredictable adult temperament; (3) introducing more than 1 animal at a time to established groups. Based on the frequency and orientation of agonistic interactions observed among the bachelors, a linear dominance hierarchy was discerned among the 4 adult stallions; all 4 colts were determined to be of equally low or seemingly non-ranking status. Social rank among the adults was most influenced by individual temperament, and contention for rank was limited almost exclusively to the 3 lower-ranking stallions; the alpha male participated in 73% of all agonistic interactions observed, but was identified as the recipient in less than 3% of these interactions. Intra-band associations were detected in the bachelor group. The most prevalent of these was among the 4 colts, found together in over 70% of the observations. Other affinities commonly observed were between the colts (as a sub-group) and different stallions. The dominant stallion, the colts' most frequent companion, actively discouraged the 3 lower-ranking stallions from associating with the colts. Further, the colts were subjected to significantly fewer agonistic behaviors than the non-alpha stallions (per colt=1.05+/-0.24 h-1; per non-alpha stallion=2.01+/-0.04 h-1). These findings support the hypothesis developed by other workers for ungulates that young bachelors are sheltered from aggression by association with an alpha male. With one exception, adult associations were rarely noted. Although combat-related injuries (superficial wounds and temporary lameness) were common among the bachelors, few required medical attention. No permanent disabilities or deaths have occurred since the group's inception. The existence of social organization and intra-band associations in the bachelor group support the suggestion that such groups were once a natural part of this species' social milieu. Bachelor groups are therefore recommended as an ethologically sound, space- and cost-effective means of managing “surplus” (i.e. non-harem) male Przewalski horses.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 781
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Author Kozarovitskii, L.B.
Title [Further comment on the distinction between humans and animals] Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Nauchnye Doklady Vysshei Shkoly. Biologicheskie Nauki Abbreviated Journal Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki
Volume Issue 3 Pages 42-45
Keywords Animals; Consciousness; Evolution; Humans; Mental Processes; *Philosophy; Thinking
Abstract (up) The problem of mind is considered in the aspect of natural scientific and philosophical problem of distinction between human and animal. The widespread confusion of the terms “rudiments”, “elements” of specifically human properties in animals and “biological prerequisites” of these properties are critically analysed. The idea is formulated according to which only in the process of anthropogenesis the rudiments of new social property--mind, conscience--could appear in the developing human beings.
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Language Russian Summary Language Original Title Eshche raz o grani mezhdu chelovecheskim i zhivotnym
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 0470-4606 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:3382706 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2800
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Author Leonard, M.L.; Horn, A.G.; Eden, S.F.
Title Parent-offspring aggression in moorhens Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 23 Issue Pages 265-270
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Abstract (up) The purpose of this study was to explain parental aggression to offspring in the moorhen (Gallinula chloropus). Males and females did not feed different subsets of chicks. In addition, there was a positive correlation between feeding rates of each parent to a particular chick and the number of attacks (tousles) directed to that chick, contrary to what was expected if aggression served to divide the brood. In moorhens, large chicks outcompeted small chicks for parental feedings. However, adults were more aggressive to large chicks and as a result small chicks spent significantly more time closer to parents and received more feedings than large chicks. In 84% of broods every chick was attacked at least once, although large chicks were attacked more often than small chicks. The behaviour of chicks changed immediately after an attack (Table 2). Before an attack chicks were <1 m from the parents while after an attack they were >1 m. The apparent effect of parental aggression in moorhens is to reduce demands by chicks for feedings. Aggression appears to reduce sibling competition and to encourage chick independence.
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Notes 10.1007/Bf00302949 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4905
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Author Schilder, M.B.H.
Title Dominance relationships between adult Plains zebra stallions in semi – captivity Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour
Volume 104 Issue 3-4 Pages 300-319
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Abstract (up) The relationships between 4-5 adult zebra stallions, living in a safari park, were investigated over a period of 5 years. Asymmetries in the distributions of a number of behaviours could be explained by adopting dominance as an intervening variable. Dominance in stallions was of a bipolar nature with on the one hand behaviours representing subordinance and defence, and on the other hand behaviours reinforcing and confirming dominance. Expression of formal dominance seems to play a minor role. The dyadic relationships of stallions differed as to the number of behaviours reflecting dominance relationships. Although often linear rank-orders could be constructed, these rank-orders were not necessarily identical. This means that the concept of dominance is of only limited value for describing relationships between zebra stallions.
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Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes
Call Number Serial 1564
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Author Kirkpatrick, J. F.; Kasman, L. H.; Lasley,; B. L.; Turner, J. W. Jr.
Title Pregnancy Determination in Uncaptured Feral Horses Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Journal of Wildlife Management Abbreviated Journal J Wildl Manag
Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 305-308
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Abstract (up) The urinary excretion of estrone sulfate ($\text{E}{1}\text{S}$) by 25 free-roaming feral horses (Equus caballus) was measured by radioimmunoassay applied to extracts of urine-soaked soil. Twelve of 15 mares having $\text{E}{1}\text{S}$ concentrations >1.0 mg/mg creatinine (x = 2.64 +- 1.02 [SD]) produced foals. All 10 mares with $\text{E}{1}\text{S}$ concentrations <1.0 mg/mg creatinine (x = 0.44 +- 0.26) did not foal. Extracting urine from soil and measuring $\text{E}{1}\text{S}$ and creatinine can be used to determine pregnancy in free-roaming feral horses without the stress of capture or immobilization.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2290
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Author McCann, J.S.; Heird, J.C.; Bell, R.W.; Lutherer, L.O.
Title Normal and more highly reactive horses. I. Heart rate, respiration rate and behavioral observations Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 19 Issue 3-4 Pages 201-214
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Abstract (up) Thirty-two Quarter horse yearlings were utilized in a split-plot experiment to establish behavioral tendencies for two levels of emotionality; normal and a more highly reactive level of emotionality termed nervous. Four observers who were experienced with horses scored the yearlings on an emotionality scale from 1 to 4, with 1 representing the highly nervous yearlings and 4 representing the quiet yearlings. Emotionality evaluations were based upon the response of the yearlings to a standard regimen of standing in a chute, being identified and being released from the chute. The inter-rater reliability coefficients were 0.90 for the normal yearlings and 0.65 for the nervous yearlings, indicating that the raters agreed less when evaluating the nervous yearlings. Yearling heart rates in the chute were correlated (r = -0.54, P<0.002) with the average emotionality score. Observational data on behavior collected 2 days following the emotionality scoring procedure indicated that the normal yearlings maintained a greater (P<0.001) individual distance than the nervous yearlings. From an activity summary, the normal yearlings spent 10.9% of the time lying down (LD), 79.1% standing (S), 9.6% walking or trotting (WT) and 0.4% of the time cantering or galloping (CG). The nervous yearlings spent 5.7% of the observational periods LD, 79.2% S, 11.7% WT and 3.4% CG. The nervous yearlings tended to have a higher overall activity index level than did the normal yearlings. Results indicate horses of different emotionality levels exhibited different behavioral patterns.
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ISSN 0168-1591 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4818
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Author Byrne, Richard; Whiten, Andrew
Title Machiavellian Intelligence Type Book Whole
Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
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Abstract (up) This book presents an alternative to conventional ideas about the evolution of the human intellect. Instead of placing top priority on the role of tools, the pressure for their skillful use, and the related importance of interpersonal communication as a means for enhanced cooperation, this<BR>volume explores quite a different idea-- that the driving force in the evolution of human intellect was social expertise--a force which enabled the manipulation of others within the social group, who themselves are seen as posing the most challenging problems faced by primitive humans. The need to<BR>outwit one's clever colleagues then produces an evolutionary spiraling of “Machiavellian intelligence.” The book forms a complete and self-contained text on this fast-growing topic. It includes the origins of the basic premise and a wealth of exciting developments, described by an international<BR>team of authors from the fields of anthropology, psychology, and zoology. An evaluation of more traditional approaches is also undertaken, with a view to discovering to what extent Machiavellian intelligence represents a complementary concept or one that is truly an alternative. Readers and<BR>students will find this fascinating volume carries them to the frontiers of scientific work on the origin of human intellect.
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Publisher Oxford Univ Press Place of Publication Oxford Editor
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ISSN ISBN 0-19-852175-8 Medium
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4412
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Author Carroll, C.L.; Huntington, P.J.
Title Body condition scoring and weight estimation of horses Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Equine veterinary journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J
Volume 20 Issue 1 Pages 41-45
Keywords Animals; Biometry; *Body Weight; Female; Horses/*anatomy & histology; Male; Physical Examination/*veterinary
Abstract (up) Three hundred and seventy two horses of varying breeds, height and fatness were weighed and measured for height at the withers. They were assessed for condition score by adaptation of a previously published method. The heart girth and length of 281 of the horses were also measured. Weight of horses was highly correlated (P less than 0.001) with height (r2 = 0.62), condition score (r2 = 0.22) and girth2 x length (r2 = 0.90). Nomograms were constructed to predict weight from height and condition score, and girth and length measurements. Weight can also be accurately estimated from the formula: (formula, see text) The average value of 'Y' in this experiment was 11900 and this estimated weight with more accuracy than some previously published values of 'Y'. Racing Thoroughbred horses were found to be significantly lighter than non-racing Thoroughbreds of the same height and condition score. The method of assessment of condition score was shown to be repeatable between different operators with varying degrees of experience.
Address Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Attwood Veterinary Research Laboratory, Westmeadows, Victoria, Australia
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN 0425-1644 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:3366105 Approved no
Call Number Serial 1808
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Author Boyd, L.E.
Title Ontogeny of behavior in Przewalski horses Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 21 Issue 1-2 Pages 41-69
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Abstract (up) Twelve colts and 12 fillies were observed during their first 2 years of life. Data on the foal's nearest neighbor, distance to dam and stallion, and time budget were compiled by age. The birth of one foal was witnessed. During their first month of life, Przewalski foals were dependent on the dam. She provided most of their nourishment and foals spent 54% of their time within 1 m of her. The biggest change in behavior of foals occurred between Months 1 and 2. The amount of time spent resting and nursing declined, while the amount of time spent foraging increased sharply. Foals began to leave their mothers and interact with peers by 3 weeks of age, and at 2 months they were interacting with older herd members. By 5 months of age, the amount of time spent in most behaviors was identical to that of adults, except that vocalization rates and involvement in aggression were lower than for adults. Juveniles spent less time stand-resting than adults throughout their first year, but more time in recumbent rest. Foals spent far less time with their sire than with their dam. However, an orphaned foal spent more time with his sire than did mothered foals, indicating that the sire assumed part of the role of the missing dam.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 2018
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