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Giljov, A.; Malashichev, Y.; Karenina, K. |
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What do wild saiga antelopes tell us about the relative roles of the two brain hemispheres in social interactions? |
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2019 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Two brain hemispheres are unequally involved in the processing of social stimuli, as demonstrated in a wide range of vertebrates. A considerable number of studies have shown the right hemisphere advantage for social processing. At the same time, an approach-withdrawal hypothesis, mainly based on experimental evidence, proposes the involvement of both brain hemispheres according to approach and withdrawal motivation. The present study aimed to test the relative roles of the two hemispheres in social responses displayed in a natural context. Visual biases, implicating hemispheric lateralization, were estimated in the social interactions of saiga antelope in the wild. In individually identified males, the left/right visual field use during approach and withdrawal responses was recorded based on the lateral head/body position, relative to the conspecific. Lateralized approach responses were investigated in three types of interactions, with left visual field bias found for chasing a rival, no bias--for attacking a rival, and right visual field bias--for pursuing a female. In two types of withdrawal responses, left visual field bias was found for retreating after fighting, while no bias was evident in fight rejecting. These findings demonstrate that neither the right hemisphere advantage nor the approach-withdrawal distinction can fully explain the patterns of lateralization observed in social behaviour. It is clear that both brain hemispheres play significant roles in social responses, while their relative contribution is likely determined by a complex set of motivational and emotional factors rather than a simple dichotomous distinction such as, for example, approach versus withdrawal motivation. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Giljov2019 |
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6569 |
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Xitco, M.; Gory, J.; Kuczaj, S. |
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Spontaneous pointing by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) |
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2001 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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4 |
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2 |
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115-123 |
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Two bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) participating in a symbolic communication project spontaneously developed behaviors that resembled pointing and gaze alternation. The dolphins' behavior demonstrated several features reminiscent of referential communicative behavior. It was triadic, involving a signaler, receiver, and referent. It was also indicative, specifying a focus of attention. The dolphins' points were distinct from the act of attending to or acting on objects. Spontaneous dolphin pointing was influenced by the presence of a potential receiver, and the distance between that receiver and the dolphin. These findings suggest that dolphins are capable of producing referential gestures. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3111 |
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Tomonaga, M. |
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Title |
Relative numerosity discrimination by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): evidence for approximate numerical representations |
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2007 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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Two adult chimpanzees were trained on a relative “numerosity” discrimination task. In each trial, two arrays containing different numbers of red dots were presented on a CRT monitor. The subjects were required to choose the array containing the larger number of dots. In Experiment 1, using numerosities between 1 and 8, 28 different pairs were presented repeatedly, and accuracy scores were analyzed to explore which cues the chimpanzee subjects utilized to perform the task. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the subjects' performance was (1) not simply controlled by the “numerical” difference between arrays, but that it was (2) best described by Fechner's Law-that is accuracy increased linearly with the logarithmic value of the numerical difference between arrays divided by the number in the larger of the two arrays. This relationship was maintained when using much larger numerosities (Experiment 3). In Experiment 2, the chimpanzees were tested on the effects of total area and density by manipulating dot size and presentation area. The results revealed that these factors clearly affected the subjects' performance but that they could not alone explain the results, suggesting that the chimpanzees did use relative numerosity difference as a discriminative cue. |
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Section of Language and Intelligence, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan, tomonaga@pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:17443355 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2402 |
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Author |
Goto, K.; Lea, S.E.G.; Dittrich, W.H. |
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Title |
Discrimination of intentional and random motion paths by pigeons |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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5 |
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3 |
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119-127 |
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Animals; *Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; *Motion Perception; Recognition (Psychology) |
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Twelve pigeons ( Columba livia) were trained on a go/no-go schedule to discriminate between two kinds of movement patterns of dots, which to human observers appear to be “intentional” and “non-intentional” movements. In experiment 1, the intentional motion stimulus contained one dot (a “wolf”) that moved systematically towards another dot as though stalking it, and three distractors (“sheep”). The non-intentional motion stimulus consisted of four distractors but no stalker. Birds showed some improvement of discrimination as the sessions progressed, but high levels of discrimination were not reached. In experiment 2, the same birds were tested with different stimuli. The same parameters were used but the number of intentionally moving dots in the intentional motion stimulus was altered, so that three wolves stalked one sheep. Despite the enhanced difference of movement patterns, the birds did not show any further improvement in discrimination. However, birds for which the non-intentional stimulus was associated with reward showed a decline in discrimination. These results indicated that pigeons can discriminate between stimuli that do and do not contain an element that human observer see as moving intentionally. However, as no feature-positive effect was found in experiment 1, it is assumed that pigeons did not perceive or discriminate these stimuli on the basis that the intentional stimuli contained a feature that the non-intentional stimuli lacked, though the convergence seen in experiment 2 may have been an effective feature for the pigeons. Pigeons seem to be able to recognise some form of multiple simultaneously goal-directed motions, compared to random motions, as a distinctive feature, but do not seem to use simple “intentional” motion paths of two geometrical figures, embedded in random motions, as a feature whose presence or absence differentiates motion displays. |
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School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK. K.Goto@exeter.ac.uk |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:12357284 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2601 |
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López, J.; Gómez, Y.; Rodríguez, F.; Broglio, C.; Vargas, J.; Salas, C. |
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Spatial learning in turtles |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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4 |
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1 |
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49-59 |
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Turtles (Pseudemys scripta) were trained in place, cue and control open-field procedures. The turtles trained in both the place and the cue procedures were able to learn their respective tasks with accuracy. Subsequent probe tests revealed that the turtles trained in the place task relied on the information provided by the extramaze cues to locate the goal. However, for these animals, no single cue was essential for performance, as accurate navigation to the goal was still possible when subsets of extramaze cues were eliminated. Furthermore, the turtles trained in the place task were able to navigate accurately to the goal place from new start locations. These results suggest that the turtles trained in the place task used map-like, relational strategies, by encoding the simultaneous spatial relationships between the goal and the extramaze cues in an allocentric frame of reference. In contrast, the turtles trained in the cue procedure used guidance strategies, i.e. approaching the individual intramaze cue associated to the goal as it were a beacon and largely ignoring the extramaze cues. Thus, the results of this experiment suggest that turtles are able to employ spatial strategies that closely parallel those described in mammals and birds. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3352 |
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Thomsen, L.R.; Campbell, R.D.; Rosell, F. |
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Tool-use in a display behaviour by Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Tool use is rare amongst rodents and has never been recorded in connection with agonistic displays. We witnessed a behaviour, stick display (StD), involving tool use in free-living Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) that we conclude is a display behaviour. Two beavers were the main performers of the signal that was observed in at least six beavers from three families. Beavers reacted to displays by increased evasive and agonistic behaviours compared with their usual behavioural patterns when at territory borders. The behaviour was almost exclusively seen between rivals at territory borders. We suggest that the display is used in agonistic encounters, mainly in a territorial context. |
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Department of Ecology and Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, liat.thomsen@nf.au.dk |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:17318623 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2417 |
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Cleveland, A.; Rocca, A.M.; Wendt, E.L.; Westergaard, G.C. |
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Transport of tools to food sites in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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7 |
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3 |
Pages |
193-198 |
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Animals; *Association Learning; Cebus/*psychology; *Concept Formation; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; *Problem Solving |
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Tool use and transport represent cognitively important aspects of early hominid evolution, and nonhuman primates are often used as models to examine the cognitive, ecological, morphological and social correlates of these behaviors in order to gain insights into the behavior of our early human ancestors. In 2001, Jalles-Filho et al. found that free-ranging capuchin monkeys failed to transport tools (stones) to food sites (nuts), but transported the foods to the tool sites. This result cast doubt on the usefulness of Cebus to model early human tool-using behavior. In this study, we examined the performance of six captive tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) in a tool transport task. Subjects were provided with the opportunity to transport two different tools to fixed food reward sites when the food reward was visible from the tool site and when the food reward was not visible from the tool site. We found that the subjects quickly and readily transported probing tools to an apparatus baited with syrup, but rarely transported stones to a nut-cracking apparatus. We suggest that the performance of the capuchins here reflects an efficient foraging strategy, in terms of energy return, among wild Cebus monkeys. |
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Alpha Genesis, 95 Castle Hall Road, P.O. Box 557, Yemassee, SC 29945, USA |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:15022055 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2539 |
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Werner, C.W.; Tiemann, I.; Cnotka, J.; Rehkamper, G. |
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Do chickens (Gallus gallus f. domestica) decompose visual figures? |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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8 |
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2 |
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129-140 |
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Animals; *Chickens; Conditioning, Classical; *Discrimination Learning; Female; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photic Stimulation; *Visual Perception |
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To investigate whether learning to discriminate between visual compound stimuli depends on decomposing them into constituting features, hens were first trained to discriminate four features (red, green, horizontal, vertical) from two dimensions (colour, line orientation). After acquisition, hens were trained with compound stimuli made up from these dimensions in two ways: a separable (line on a coloured background) stimulus and an integral one (coloured line). This compound training included a reversal of reinforcement of only one of the two dimensions (half-reversal). After having achieved the compound stimulus discrimination, a second dimensional training identical to the first was performed. Finally, in the second compound training the other dimension was reversed. Two major results were found: (1) an interaction between the dimension reversed and the type of compound stimulus: in compound training with colour reversal, separable compound stimuli were discriminated worse than integral compounds and vice versa in compound training with line orientation reversed. (2) Performance in the second compound training was worse than in the first one. The first result points to a similar mode of processing for separable and integral compounds, whereas the second result shows that the whole stimulus is psychologically superior to its constituting features. Experiment 2 repeated experiment 1 using line orientation stimuli of reversed line and background brightness. Nevertheless, the results were similar to experiment 1. Results are discussed in the framework of a configural exemplar theory of discrimination that assumes the representation of the whole stimulus situation combined with transfer based on a measure of overall similarity. |
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C. and O. Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Universitatsstr. 1, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany. wernerc@uni-duesseldorf.de |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:15490291 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2503 |
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Siniscalchi, M.; Cirone, F.; Guaricci, A.C.; Quaranta, A. |
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Catecholamine plasma levels, IFN-γ serum levels and antibodies production induced by rabies vaccine in dogs selected for their paw preference |
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2013 |
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Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition |
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Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition |
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19 |
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5 |
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522-532 |
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To explore the possible role of the sympathetic nervous activity in the asymmetrical crosstalk between the brain and immune system, catecholamine (E, NE) plasma levels, Interferon-? (IFN-?) serum levels and production of antibodies induced by rabies vaccine in dogs selected for their paw preference were measured. The results showed that the direction of behavioural lateralization influenced both epinephrine levels and immune response in dogs. A different kinetic of epinephrine levels after immunization was observed in left-pawed dogs compared to both right-pawed and ambidextrous dogs. The titers of antirabies antibodies were lower in left-pawed dogs than in right-pawed and ambidextrous dogs. Similarly, the IFN-? serum levels were lower in left-pawed dogs than in the other two groups. Taken together, these findings showed that the left-pawed group appeared to be consistently the different group stressing the fundamental role played by the sympathetic nervous system as a mechanistic basis for the crosstalk between the brain and the immune system. |
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Routledge |
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1357-650x |
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doi: 10.1080/1357650X.2013.867971 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5829 |
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Mulcahy, N.J.; Call, J. |
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How great apes perform on a modified trap-tube task |
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2006 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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9 |
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3 |
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193-199 |
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Animals; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Gorilla gorilla; Hominidae/*psychology; *Intelligence; Male; *Motor Skills; Pan paniscus; Pan troglodytes; Pongo pygmaeus; *Problem Solving; Species Specificity |
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To date, neither primates nor birds have shown clear evidence of causal knowledge when attempting to solve the trap tube task. One factor that may have contributed to mask the knowledge that subjects may have about the task is that subjects were only allowed to push the reward away from them, which is a particularly difficult action for primates in certain problem solving situations. We presented five orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), two bonobos (Pan paniscus), and one gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) with a modified trap tube that allowed subjects to push or rake the reward with the tool. In two additional follow-up tests, we inverted the tube 180 degrees rendering the trap nonfunctional and also presented subjects with the original task in which they were required to push the reward out of the tube. Results showed that all but one of the subjects preferred to rake the reward. Two orangutans and one chimpanzee (all of whom preferred to rake the reward), consistently avoided the trap only when it was functional but failed the original task. These findings suggest that some great apes may have some causal knowledge about the trap-tube task. Their success, however, depended on whether they were allowed to choose certain tool-using actions. |
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Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. mulcahy@eva.mpg.de |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:16612632 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2469 |
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