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| Author | Peham, C.; Licka, T.; Schobesberger, H.; Meschan, E. | ||||
| Title | Influence of the rider on the variability of the equine gait | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Human Movement Science | Abbreviated Journal | European Workshop on Movement Science |
| Volume | 23 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 663-671 |
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Abstract  |
The aim of this study was to show that the motion pattern of a well-ridden horse varies less than the motion pattern of an unridden horse. In order to do so, we recorded the motion of two markers, one attached to the dorsal spinous processus of lumbar vertebra L4, the other to the right fore hoof. In total, we measured 21 horses in trot, ridden and unridden, with a fitting and with a non-fitting saddle. After breaking down the entire time series of the three-dimensional motion of the markers into their respective motion cycles, we computed a measure of motion pattern variability for the motion as well as for the derivatives (velocity and acceleration) along each of the three principal dimensions. Two of six variables (velocity and acceleration in the forward direction) displayed a significant discrimination between the ridden and the unridden case, and demonstrated the beneficial effect of a rider on the horse's motion pattern variability. Saddle fit was shown to have also an influence on motion variability: variability of two variables (velocity and of acceleration in forward direction) was significantly lower with a fitting saddle compared to a non-fitting saddle, a third variable (acceleration in the transversal direction) showed a significant difference also. This new method offers an objective evaluation of saddle fit, and a sensitive assessment of the quality of the rider in the moving horse. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3670 | ||
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| Author | Koenen, E.P.C.; Aldridge, L.I.; Philipsson, J. | ||||
| Title | An overview of breeding objectives for warmblood sport horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Livestock Production Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 88 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 77-84 |
| Keywords | Breeding objective; Sport horse; Sport performance; Conformation; Specialisation | ||||
| Abstract |
The aim of this paper is to review the current breeding objectives of organisations that run a selection programme for warmblood riding horses in the light of an increasing trend in trade of semen across countries. In a questionnaire, 19 horse breeding organisations provided information on breeding objective traits. Variation both in length and amount of details used to define individual breeding objectives was large, reflecting that many traits in sport horse breeding are not easy to measure, and therefore, have to be defined in a subjective way. The majority of the breeding objectives included conformation, gaits and performance in show jumping and dressage. Some breeding objectives also included behaviour, soundness, health and fertility. However, several organisations did not specify the sport discipline and the level of competition (amateur, national or international level) in the breeding objective. In general, relative weightings of the traits within the verbally presented breeding objectives were not given, but were assessed by the organisations in response to this study. The relevance of more information on expected future production circumstances and on the genetic parameters of the traits of interest are discussed. A further review of the consistency, completeness and the number of traits of the present breeding objectives for sport horses is recommended to optimise the efficiency of selection decisions. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3954 | ||
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| Author | Rietmann, T.R.; Stuart, A.E.A.; Bernasconi, P.; Stauffacher, M.; Auer, J.A.; Weishaupt, M.A. | ||||
| Title | Assessment of mental stress in warmblood horses: heart rate variability in comparison to heart rate and selected behavioural parameters | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 88 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 121-136 |
| Keywords | Horse; Hrv; Heart rate; Mental stress; Behaviour; Autonomic nervous system | ||||
| Abstract |
The aim of the study was to investigate whether heart rate variability (HRV) could assess alterations of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) at different levels of excitement. The behavioural and physiological responses of 20 warmblood horses to a challenging ground exercise task were studied. Prior to the experiment, the horses were evaluated at rest and during forward walking (FW). The horses were then forced to move backwards continuously during 3 min according to a standardised protocol (BW1). Subsequently, the horses were exposed to two training sessions, after which the backward walking (BW2) was re-evaluated. Heart rate (HR) and HRV-parameters such as the standard deviation of the beat-to-beat intervals (SDRR), the low (LF; sympathetic tone) and high frequency (HF) component of HRV (HF; parasympathetic tone) and their ratio (LF/HF; index representing the sympatho-vagal balance) were sampled at rest, and during FW, BW1 and BW2. Stress-related behaviour during BW1 and BW2 was determined from video recordings. The results of the different evaluations were compared to each other. Compared to rest and FW, the first backward experiment induced a significant rise in HR, LF and LF/HF and a significant decrease of HF. SDRR decreased from both FW and rest with only the latter reaching significance. In BW2 after the training sessions, HR and the parameters of the sympathetic branch of the ANS (LF, LF/HF) were decreased and the vagal tone (HF) increased compared to BW1; all changes were significant. The duration of stress indicating behavioural patterns revealed also a significant decrease of excitement after the training, when backward walking did not differ from forward walking in any parameter. Correlations between HRV-parameters and stress indicating behaviour as well as HR were found. We conclude that the HRV-parameters LF and HF are valuable measures to quantify sympatho-vagal balance, which allows a more precise assessment of the responses of HR and SDRR to mental stress during low intensity exercise. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 314 | ||
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| Author | Hausberger, M.; Bruderer, C.; Le Scolan, N.; Pierre, J.-S. | ||||
| Title | Interplay between environmental and genetic factors in temperament/personality traits in horses (Equus caballus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Journal of Comparative Psychology | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
| Volume | 118 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 434-446 |
| Keywords | *Affect; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; *Environment; Female; Horses/*psychology; Learning; Male; Memory/physiology | ||||
| Abstract |
The aim of the present study was to broach the question of the relative influence of different genetic and environmental factors on different temperament/personality traits of horses (Equus caballus). The researchers submitted 702 horses to standardized experimental tests and investigated 9 factors, either genetic or environmental. Genetic factors, such as sire or breed, seemed to influence more neophobic reactions, whereas environmental factors, such as the type of work, seemed to play a more dominant role in reactions to social separation or learning abilities. Additive effects were evident, showing how environmental factors may modulate behavioral traits. This study constitutes a first step toward understanding the relative weights of genetic factors and how the environment may intervene in determining individual behavioral characteristics. | ||||
| Address | Ethologie-Evolution-Ecologie, Universite de Rennes 1, Rennes, France. Martine.Hausberger@univ-rennes1.fr | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Washington, D.C. : 1983 | Editor | ||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15584780 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1897 | |||
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| Author | Broucek, J., Uhrincat, M., Kišac, P., Hanus, A.. | ||||
| Title | Hair Whorl Position as a Predictor of Learning Ability and Locomotor Behavior in Cattle? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | ACTA VETERINARIA BRUNENSIS | Abbreviated Journal | ACTA VET. BRNO |
| Volume | 73 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 455-459 |
| Keywords | Cattle, hair whorl, reversal learning, open-field | ||||
| Abstract |
The aim of our work was to investigate the hypothesis that the speed of solving the maze tests and locomotor behavior of heifers in open-field tests are affected by the height location of facial whorl. Fifty-eight Holstein heifers were used. Maze learning was observed at the age of 15 weeks, and an open-field test was applied at two ages, 16 weeks and 18 months. Whorl placement was recorded by one person as each heifer entered the scale. The hair whorl position was determined on the basis of two patterns: A) hair whorl high, middle and low and B) hair whorl high and low. Heifers with a high hair whorl were the fastest (77.8 ± 84.3 s) and heifers with a middle hair whorl the slowest (87.3 ± 100.3 s) in the A pattern during the maze tests. In the B whorl pattern, heifers with a high hair whorl ran across the maze in 84.5 ± 95.2 s and heifers with a low hair whorl in 84.1 ± 97.9 s. The number of crossed squares in a 5-minute open-field test in the A pattern was the non-significantly highest in heifers with a high hair whorl (43.4) at the age of 16 weeks. In the B whorl pattern, heifers with a high hair whorl were also more mobile, but neither differences in individual minutes nor in the whole 5 minutes were significant. Heifers with a high hair whorl displayed the strongest locomotory behavior (37.6 squares) and heifers with a low hair whorl (30.8) were the slowest in the A pattern at the age of 18 months. The differences were not significant. In the B whorl pattern, heifers with a high hair whorl crossed more squares, but the difference was not significant in comparison with heifers with a low hair whorl. We found that the time of traversing the maze and the locomotor activity in open-field test may not be influenced in the dairy cattle by the height facial whorl position |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4321 | ||
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| Author | Dutto, D.J.; Hoyt, D.F.; Clayton, H.M.; Cogger, E.A.; Wickler, S.J. | ||||
| Title | Moments and power generated by the horse (Equus caballus) hind limb during jumping | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | The Journal of Experimental Biology | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Biol |
| Volume | 207 | Issue | Pt 4 | Pages | 667-674 |
| Keywords | Animals; Biomechanics; Hindlimb/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Locomotion/*physiology | ||||
| Abstract |
The ability to jump over an obstacle depends upon the generation of work across the joints of the propelling limb(s). The total work generated by one hind limb of a horse and the contribution to the total work by four joints of the hind limb were determined for a jump. It was hypothesized that the hip and ankle joints would have extensor moments performing positive work, while the knee would have a flexor moment and perform negative work during the jump. Ground reaction forces and sagittal plane kinematics were simultaneously recorded during each jumping trial. Joint moment, power and work were determined for the metatarsophalangeal (MP), tarsal (ankle), tibiofemoral (knee) and coxofemoral (hip) joints. The hip, knee and ankle all flexed and then extended and the MP extended and then flexed during ground contact. Consistent with our hypothesis, large extensor moments were observed at the hip and ankle joints and large flexor moments at the knee and MP joints throughout ground contact of the hind limb. Peak moments tended to occur earlier in stance in the proximal joints but peak power generation of the hind limb joints occurred at similar times except for the MP joint, with the hip and ankle peaking first followed by the MP joint. During the first portion of ground contact (approximately 40%), the net result of the joint powers was the absorption of power. During the remainder of the contact period, the hind limb generated power. This pattern of power absorption followed by power generation paralleled the power profiles of the hip, ankle and MP joints. The total work performed by one hind limb was 0.71 J kg(-1). Surprisingly, the knee produced 85% of the work (0.60 J kg(-1)) done by the hind limb, and the positive work performed by the knee occurred during the first 40% of the take-off. There is little net work generated by the other three joints over the entire take-off. Velocity of the tuber coxae (a landmark on the pelvis of the animal) was negative (downward) during the first 40% of stance, which perhaps reflects the negative work performed to decrease the potential energy during the first 40% of contact. During the final 60% of contact, the hip, ankle and MP joints generate positive work, which is reflected in the increase of the animal's potential energy. | ||||
| Address | Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA. ddutto@csupomona.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0022-0949 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:14718509 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3654 | ||
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| Author | Bugnyar, T.; Stöwe, M.; Heinrich, B. | ||||
| Title | Ravens, Corvus corax, follow gaze direction of humans around obstacles | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
| Volume | 271 | Issue | 1546 | Pages | 1331-1336 |
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The ability to follow gaze (i.e. head and eye direction) has recently been shown for social mammals, particularly primates. In most studies, individuals could use gaze direction as a behavioural cue without understanding that the view of others may be different from their own. Here, we show that hand–raised ravens not only visually co–orient with the look–ups of a human experimenter but also reposition themselves to follow the experimenter's gaze around a visual barrier. Birds were capable of visual co–orientation already as fledglings but consistently tracked gaze direction behind obstacles not before six months of age. These results raise the possibility that sub–adult and adult ravens can project a line of sight for the other person into the distance. To what extent ravens may attribute mental significance to the visual behaviour of others is discussed. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1098/rspb.2004.2738 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5009 | ||
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| Author | Yamazaki, Y.; Shinohara, N.; Watanabe, S. | ||||
| Title | Visual discrimination of normal and drug induced behavior in quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 128-132 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects; Classification; Coturnix/*physiology; *Discrimination Learning; *Generalization (Psychology); Ketamine/pharmacology; Male; Methamphetamine/pharmacology; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Video Recording; Visual Perception | ||||
| Abstract |
The ability to discriminate the physical states of others could be an adaptive behavior, especially for social animals. For example, the ability to discriminate illness behavior would be helpful for avoiding spoiled foods. We report on an experiment with Japanese quails testing whether these birds can discriminate the physical states of conspecifics. The quails were trained to discriminate between moving video images of quails injected with psychoactive drugs and those in a normal (not injected) condition. Methamphetamine (stimulant) or ketamine (anesthetic) were used to produce drug-induced behaviors in conspecifics. The former induced hyperactive behavior and the latter hypoactive behavior. The subject quails could learn the discrimination and showed generalization to novel images of the drug-induced behaviors. They did not, however, show discriminative behavior according to the type and dosage of the drugs. Thus, they categorized the behavior not on the basis of degree of activity, but on the basis of abnormality. | ||||
| Address | Biopsychologie, Institut fur Kognitive Neurowissenschaft, Fakultat fur Psychologie, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany. yumyam@bio.psy.ruhr-uni-bochum.de | ||||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15069613 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2527 | ||
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| Author | Parr, L.A. | ||||
| Title | Perceptual biases for multimodal cues in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) affect recognition | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 171-178 |
| Keywords | Acoustic Stimulation; *Animal Communication; Animals; Auditory Perception/physiology; Cues; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Facial Expression; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Perceptual Masking/*physiology; Photic Stimulation; Recognition (Psychology)/*physiology; Visual Perception/physiology; *Vocalization, Animal | ||||
| Abstract |
The ability of organisms to discriminate social signals, such as affective displays, using different sensory modalities is important for social communication. However, a major problem for understanding the evolution and integration of multimodal signals is determining how humans and animals attend to different sensory modalities, and these different modalities contribute to the perception and categorization of social signals. Using a matching-to-sample procedure, chimpanzees discriminated videos of conspecifics' facial expressions that contained only auditory or only visual cues by selecting one of two facial expression photographs that matched the expression category represented by the sample. Other videos were edited to contain incongruent sensory cues, i.e., visual features of one expression but auditory features of another. In these cases, subjects were free to select the expression that matched either the auditory or visual modality, whichever was more salient for that expression type. Results showed that chimpanzees were able to discriminate facial expressions using only auditory or visual cues, and when these modalities were mixed. However, in these latter trials, depending on the expression category, clear preferences for either the visual or auditory modality emerged. Pant-hoots and play faces were discriminated preferentially using the auditory modality, while screams were discriminated preferentially using the visual modality. Therefore, depending on the type of expressive display, the auditory and visual modalities were differentially salient in ways that appear consistent with the ethological importance of that display's social function. | ||||
| Address | Division of Psychobiology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, GA 30329, Atlanta, USA. parr@rmy.emory.edu | ||||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:14997361 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2544 | ||
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| Author | Gácsi, M.; Miklósi, Á.; Varga, O.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V. | ||||
| Title | Are readers of our face readers of our minds? Dogs (Canis familiaris) show situation-dependent recognition of human's attention | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 144-153 |
| Keywords | Animals; Association Learning; *Attention; Bonding, Human-Pet; Cognition; *Concept Formation; Cues; Dogs/*psychology; *Facial Expression; Female; Humans; Male; *Nonverbal Communication; *Recognition (Psychology); Social Behavior | ||||
| Abstract |
The ability of animals to use behavioral/facial cues in detection of human attention has been widely investigated. In this test series we studied the ability of dogs to recognize human attention in different experimental situations (ball-fetching game, fetching objects on command, begging from humans). The attentional state of the humans was varied along two variables: (1) facing versus not facing the dog; (2) visible versus non-visible eyes. In the first set of experiments (fetching) the owners were told to take up different body positions (facing or not facing the dog) and to either cover or not cover their eyes with a blindfold. In the second set of experiments (begging) dogs had to choose between two eating humans based on either the visibility of the eyes or direction of the face. Our results show that the efficiency of dogs to discriminate between “attentive” and “inattentive” humans depended on the context of the test, but they could rely on the orientation of the body, the orientation of the head and the visibility of the eyes. With the exception of the fetching-game situation, they brought the object to the front of the human (even if he/she turned his/her back towards the dog), and preferentially begged from the facing (or seeing) human. There were also indications that dogs were sensitive to the visibility of the eyes because they showed increased hesitative behavior when approaching a blindfolded owner, and they also preferred to beg from the person with visible eyes. We conclude that dogs are able to rely on the same set of human facial cues for detection of attention, which form the behavioral basis of understanding attention in humans. Showing the ability of recognizing human attention across different situations dogs proved to be more flexible than chimpanzees investigated in similar circumstances. | ||||
| Address | Comparative Ethology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pazmany P. 1/c., 1117, Budapest, Hungary. gm.art@axelero.hu | ||||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:14669075 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2547 | ||
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