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| Author | Bateson, M.; Kacelnik, A. | ||||
| Title | Accuracy of memory for amount in the foraging starling,Sturnus vulgaris | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 50 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 431-443 |
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Abstract  |
Attempts to include psychological constraints in models of foraging behaviour differ in their assumptions concerning the accuracy of estimation of environmental parameters. Psychologists model estimation error as increasing linearly with the magnitude of a stimulus (Weber's Law), whereas behavioural ecologists either ignore error or assume it to be independent of stimulus magnitude. Studies on the estimation of time intervals have confirmed Weber's Law, but there are few data on the accuracy of estimation of amounts of food. Since the currency of most foraging models is the amount of food acquired per unit of time spent foraging, information on estimation of amount is required. Here, a titration method was used in which starlings chose between two cues. One colour signalled a standard food reward, and the other a reward that adjusted in magnitude according to the birds' choices: it increased when the standard was preferred and decreased when the adjusting option was preferred. There were two standards of 3 and 9 units of food, each of which was delivered at two rates to control for possible effects of rate of reinforcement on discrimination. The observed value of the adjusting option oscillated around a mean value slightly larger than that of the standard. The amplitude and period of these oscillations were larger when the standard was larger, independent of the rate of reinforcement. Also, molecular analysis showed that the probability of choosing the currently larger alternative increased as the relative difference between the adjusting option and standard increased. These results are consistent with Weber's Law applying to starlings' memories for amounts of food. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 2110 | |||
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| Author | de Vries, H. | ||||
| Title | An improved test of linearity in dominance hierarchies containing unknown or tied relationships | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 50 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 1375-1389 |
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| Abstract |
Appleby (1983, Anim. Behav., 31, 600-608) described a statistical test, based on the work of Kendall (1962, Rank Correlation Methods), for the significance of linearity in dominance hierarchies. He suggested that unknown relationships should be assigned the value 1/2 and that subsequently the same test procedure can be used. In this paper it is shown that incorrect results are obtained by this method whenever there are unknown relationships. Values of the linearity index are systematically too low. P-values can be too high (underestimating the significance) or too low (overestimating), and seem to differ by not much more than a factor two (respectively a half) from the correct P-value. An improved method is developed for testing linearity in a set of dominance relationships containing unknown relationships. Furthermore, it is argued that, if one admits the possibility of tied dominance relationships, which should indeed be assigned the value 1/2, Landau's linearity index is to be preferred to Kendall's index. A randomization test is developed for assessing the significance of linearity or non-linearity in a set of dominance relationships containing unknown or tied relationships. The test statistic employed in this testing procedure is based on Landau's linearity index, but takes the unknown and tied relationships into account. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4284 | ||
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| Author | Swanson, J.C. | ||||
| Title | Farm animal well-being and intensive production systems | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Journal of Animal Science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume | 73 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 2744-2751 |
| Keywords | Animal Husbandry/legislation & jurisprudence/*standards; Animal Rights/legislation & jurisprudence/standards; Animal Welfare/legislation & jurisprudence/*standards; Animals; Animals, Domestic/*growth & development/*physiology; Breeding/legislation & jurisprudence/*standards; Cattle; Chickens; Environment; Reproduction/physiology; Sheep; Swine | ||||
| Abstract |
Animal welfare, or well-being, is a social issue with ethical, scientific, political, and aesthetic properties. Answering questions about the welfare of animals requires scientific definition, assessment, solutions, and public acceptance. With respect to the actual well-being of the animal, most issues are centered on how the animal “feels” when managed within a specific level of confinement, during special agricultural practices (e.g., tail docking, beak trimming, etc.) and handling. Questions of this nature may require exploration of animal cognition, motivation, perception, and emotional states in addition to more commonly recognized indicators of well-being. Several general approaches have emerged for solving problems concerning animal well-being in intensive production systems: environmental, genetic, and therapeutic. Environmental approaches involve modifying existing systems to accommodate specific welfare concerns or development of alternative systems. Genetic approaches involve changing the behavioral and (or) physiological nature of the animal to reduce or eliminate behaviors that are undesirable within intensive system. Therapeutic approaches of a physical (tail docking, beak trimming) and physiological (drug and nutritional therapy) nature bring both concern and promise with regard to the reduction of confinement stress. Finally, the recent focus on commodity quality assurance programs may indirectly provide benefits for animal well-being. Although research in the area of animal well-being will provide important information for better animal management, handling, care, and the physical design of intensive production systems there is still some uncertainty regarding public acceptance. The aesthetics of modern intensive production systems may have as much to do with public acceptance as with science. | ||||
| Address | Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0021-8812 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:8582867 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2752 | ||
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| Author | McDonnell, S.M.; Haviland, J.C.S. | ||||
| Title | Agonistic ethogram of the equid bachelor band | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 43 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 147-188 |
| Keywords | Equid; Horse; Bachelor; Agonistic; Social behavior; Ethogram | ||||
| Abstract |
An ethogram of agonistic and related behaviors among equid bachelor band members was developed. Several key English-language studies on equids were reviewed to derive a preliminary inventory of specific behaviors to be included in the ethogram. A bachelor band of domestic pony stallions pastured together was observed for approximately 50 daylight hours to obtain detailed descriptions of each behavior, enable photographic and video documentation of behaviors, and identify any behaviors to be added to the preliminary inventory. An initial draft of the ethogram was sent to 65 equine researchers for review. Twenty-eight critical reviews were received and their suggestions considered for the final draft. A total of 49 elemental behaviors including five distinct vocalizations was included in the ethogram. Three complex behavioral sequences were also included. Most of the behaviors catalogued from the direct observation of pastured pony stallions were also found in the equid literature. For many, references to these behaviors specifically among males or bachelor band members were not found. The results offer a practical tool for quantitative research and other studies of equid inter-male behavior as well as for teaching of equid behavior, and should facilitate progress toward development of a complete ethogram for the horse and other equids. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ ; Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 | Serial | 749 | ||
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| Author | Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Parker, G.A. | ||||
| Title | Punishment in animal societies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | Nature | |
| Volume | 373 | Issue | 6511 | Pages | 209-216 |
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| Abstract |
Although positive reciprocity (reciprocal altruism) has been a focus of interest in evolutionary biology, negative reciprocity (retaliatory infliction of fitness reduction) has been largely ignored. In social animals, retaliatory aggression is common, individuals often punish other group members that infringe their interests, and punishment can cause subordinates to desist from behaviour likely to reduce the fitness of dominant animals. Punishing strategies are used to establish and maintain dominance relationships, to discourage parasites and cheats, to discipline offspring or prospective sexual partners and to maintain cooperative behaviour. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1038/373209a0 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4838 | ||
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| Author | i Rios, J.F.; Houpt, K. | ||||
| Title | Sexual behavior in geldings | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 46 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 133-135 |
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Abstract In response to a request published in Equus, a magazine for those interested in horses, 85 owners of older geldings exhibiting sexual behavior completed history forms. The mean age of geldings was 16 f 5 years. Only 39 of the owners had had the gelding for at least a year before the behavior was noted. These cases could be used to determine the true age of onset of the problem. When log survivorship was used to determine whether there were one or two different populations, a break or change in the slope at age 16 indicated that there are two populations. One population shows the behavior from the time of castration and the other first exhibits the behavior in old age, possibly in response to an ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma. A total of 40% of the horses were Quarterhorses, the most numerous breed in the US; 78% of the horses were purebreds. Fewer than half the owners knew the age at which their horse had been castrated because they did not own the horse at the time. The mean age at castration, when known, was 3.3 f 2.5 years. The reason for contacting us was sexual behavior (70%), aggression (24%). or some other problem ( 1 o/o). Whether or not aggression was the presenting problem, most of the horses showed aggression (95%), particularly towards other geldings (88%)) but also towards people (3 1%). Copulatory behavior (mounting) was shown by 69% of the geldings and half of those were able to intromit. These findings indicate that the sexual behavior of geldings is a problem for owners and that aggression usually accompanies sexual behavior. The owners were encouraged to send serum samples taken before and after human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) administration for testosterone and estrone sulfate analysis to determine whether residual testicular tissue was responsible for the horse’s behavior. Of the 14 horses tested, only one had elevated levels of testosterone indicating that there was residual testicular tissue. A total of six of the owners agreed to treat their horses with cyproheptadine at a dose of 8 mg day- ’ gradually increased to 88 mg day- ’ per horse. A total of three of the horses showed a decline in sexual and aggressive behavior, one got worse and two had side effects and treatment was withdrawn. |
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| Notes | Approved | yes | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3627 | ||
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| Author | Barnes, H.G.; Tucker, R.L.; Grant, B.D.; Roberts, G.D.; Prades, M. | ||||
| Title | Lag screw stabilization of a cervical vertebral fracture by use of computed tomography in a horse | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | Abbreviated Journal | J Am Vet Med Assoc |
| Volume | 206 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 221-223 |
| Keywords | Animals; Bone Screws/*veterinary; Cervical Vertebrae/*injuries/surgery; Fracture Fixation, Internal/methods/*veterinary; Horses/*injuries/surgery; Male; Spinal Fractures/surgery/*veterinary; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary | ||||
| Abstract |
A traumatic fracture of C2 was diagnosed radiographically in a 1-year-old German Warm-blood stallion. Fracture configuration was difficult to see on survey radiographs. Computed tomography yielded a more accurate assessment of the fracture and facilitated fracture repair with cortical lag screws. Precise screw placement, to avoid spinal cord damage, was obtained by use of computed tomography. Follow-up radiography revealed normal bone healing, and the horse was in dressage schooling 24 months after surgery. | ||||
| Address | Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6610 | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0003-1488 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:7751226 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3744 | ||
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| Author | McGreevy, P.D.; Cripps, P.J.; French, N.P.; Green, L.E.; Nicol, C.J. | ||||
| Title | Management factors associated with stereotypic and redirected behaviour in the thoroughbred horse | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Equine veterinary journal | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J |
| Volume | 27 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 86-91 |
| Keywords | Animal Husbandry/*methods; Animals; Horse Diseases/psychology/*therapy; Horses; Risk Factors; *Stereotyped Behavior; Time Factors | ||||
| Abstract |
A greater knowledge of the effect of management factors is required to investigate the ontogeny of abnormal behaviour in the stabled horse. A postal survey of racehorse (flat) trainers yielded information about 22 yard and management factors. The relationship of the factors to the prevalence of abnormal behaviour was analysed by logistic regression. Management factors related to the time spent in the stable showed the strongest associations with stereotypic behaviour. The risk of horses performing abnormal behaviour increased: 1) as the amount of forage fell below 6.8 kg/day, 2) when bedding types other than straw were used, 3) when the total number of horses on the yard was fewer than 75, 4) in association with box designs that minimised contact between neighbouring horses, 5) when hay, rather than other types of forage, was used. | ||||
| Address | Department of Animal Health and Husbandry, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, UK | ||||
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| ISSN | 0425-1644 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:7607155 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 91 | ||
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| Author | Byrnl, R.W.; Tomasello, M. | ||||
| Title | Do rats ape? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 50 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 1417-1420 |
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 589 | ||
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| Author | Heyes, C.M. | ||||
| Title | Imitation and flattery: a reply to Byrne & Tomasello | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 50 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 1421-1424 |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 593 | ||
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