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| Author |
Cameron, E. Z.,; Linklater, W. L.,; Stafford, K.J.,; Minot, E. O., |
| Title |
Social grouping and maternal behaviour in feral horses (Equus caballus): the influence of males on maternal protectiveness |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume |
53 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
92-101 |
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Abstract  |
The risk of infant injury or mortality influences maternal behaviour, particularly protectiveness. Mares are found in bands with a single stallion or bands with more than one stallion in which paternity is less certain. We investigated maternal behaviour in relation to band type. Mares in bands with more than one stallion were more protective of their foals, particularly when stallions and foals approached one another. The rate of aggression between the stallion and foal was a significant predictor of maternal protectiveness, and mare protectiveness was significantly correlated with reduced reproductive success in the subsequent year. Mares that changed band types with a foal at foot, or had their band type experimentally altered, were more protective of their foal in multi-stallion bands than they were in single-stallion bands. Equids are unusual amongst ungulates in that infanticide and feticide have been reported. Both occur where paternity has been uncertain, and equid social structure is similar to other species in which infanticide has been reported. Stallions benefit from infanticide as the mare has greater reproductive success in the subsequent year. Stallion aggression is a significant modifier of mare behaviour and maternal effort, probably due to the risk of infanticide. |
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458 |
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Smith, B.R.; Blumstein, D.T. |
| Title |
Fitness consequences of personality: a meta-analysis |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. |
| Volume |
19 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
448-455 |
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| Abstract |
The study of nonhuman personality capitalizes on the fact that individuals of many species behave in predictable, variable, and quantifiable ways. Although a few empirical studies have examined the ultimate consequences of personality differences, there has been no synthesis of results. We conducted a formal meta-analysis of published studies reporting fitness consequences of single personality dimensions to identify general trends across species. We found bolder individuals had increased reproductive success, particularly in males, but incurred a survival cost, thus, supporting the hypothesis that variation in boldness was maintained due to a “trade-off” in fitness consequences across contexts. Potential mechanisms maintaining variation in exploration and aggression are not as clear. Exploration had a positive effect only on survival, whereas aggression had a positive effect on both reproductive success and, not significantly, on survival. Such results would suggest that selection is driving populations to become more explorative and aggressive. However, limitations in meta-analytic techniques preclude us from testing for the effects of fluctuating environmental conditions or other forms of selection on these dimensions. Results do, however, provide evidence for general relationships between personality and fitness, and we provide a framework for future studies to follow in the hopes of spurring more in-depth, long-term research into the evolutionary mechanisms maintaining variation in personality dimensions and overall behavioral syndromes. We conclude with a discussion on how understanding and managing personality traits may play a key role in the captive breeding and recovery programs of endangered species. |
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10.1093/beheco/arm144 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5226 |
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Ferrari, M.C.O.; Capitania-Kwok, T.; Chivers, D.P. |
| Title |
The role of learning in the acquisition of threat-sensitive responses to predator odours |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume |
60 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
522-527 |
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The supposition that prey animals respond to a predator with an intensity that matches the risk posed by the predator is known as the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis. Many studies have provided support for this hypothesis; yet, few studies have attempted to determine how such abilities are acquired by prey species. In this study, we investigated whether fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) could learn to recognize an unknown predator (northern pike, Esox lucius) in such a way that they could match the intensity of their antipredator response with the threat posed by the predator. We exposed pike-naive minnows to conspecific alarm cues paired with either a high or low concentration of pike odor. The following day, both groups were tested for a response to either high or low concentration of pike odor alone. We found that minnows conditioned with alarm cues paired with a given concentration of pike odor subsequently responded with a higher intensity to higher concentrations of pike odor, and with a lower intensity to lower concentrations of pike odor. These results demonstrate that during a single conditioning trial, minnows learn the identity of the predator in a threat-sensitive manner. Minnows use predator odor concentrations that they experience in subsequent interactions to adjust the intensity of their antipredator behavior. © Springer-Verlag 2006. |
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Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N 5E2, Canada |
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Cited By (since 1996): 8; Export Date: 24 October 2008; Source: Scopus |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4620 |
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Shrader, A.M.; Kerley, G.I.H.; Kotler, B.P.; Brown, J.S. |
| Title |
Social information, social feding, and competition in group-living goats (Capra hircus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. |
| Volume |
18 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
103-107 |
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fear, group foraging, harvest rates, intraspecific competition, social information. |
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There are both benefits (e.g., social information) and costs (e.g., intraspecific competition) for individuals foraging in groups. To ascertain how group-foraging goats (Capra hircus) deal with these trade-offs, we asked 1) do goats use social information to make foraging decisions and 2) how do they adjust their intake rate in light of having attracted by other group members? To establish whether goats use social information, we recorded their initial choice of different quality food patches when they were ignorant of patch quality and when they could observe others foraging. After determining that goats use social information, we recorded intake rates while they fed alone and in the presence of potential competitors. Intake rate increased as the number of competitors increased. Interestingly, lone goats achieved an intake rate that was higher than when one competitor was present but similar to when two or more competitors were present. Faster intake rates may allow herbivores to ingest a larger portion of the available food before competing group members arrive at the patch. This however, does not explain the high intake rates achieved when the goats were alone. We provide 2 potential explanations: 1) faster intake rates are a response to greater risk incurred by lone individuals, the loss of social information, and the fear of being left behind by the group and 2) when foraging alone, intake rate is no longer a trade-off between reducing competition and acquiring social information. Thus, individuals are able to feed close to their maximum rate. |
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10.1093/beheco/arl057 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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814 |
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Henzi, S.; Lusseau, D.; Weingrill, T.; van Schaik, C.; Barrett, L. |
| Title |
Cyclicity in the structure of female baboon social networks |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume |
63 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
1015-1021-1021 |
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Biomedical and Life Sciences |
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There is an established and very influential view that primate societies have identifiable, persistent social organizations. It assumes that association patterns reflect long-term strategic interests that are not qualitatively perturbed by short-term environmental variability. We used data from two baboon troops in markedly different habitats over three consecutive seasons to test this assumption. Our results demonstrate pronounced cyclicity in the extent to which females maintained differentiated relationships. When food was plentiful, the companionships identified by social network analysis in the food-scarce season disappeared and were replaced by casual acquaintanceships more representative of mere gregariousness. Data from the fourth, food-scarce, season at one site indicated that few companions were re-united. It is likely that this reflected stochastic variation in individual circumstances. These results suggest that attention could profitably be paid to the effects of short-term local contingencies on social dynamics, and has implications for current theories of primate cognitive evolution. |
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Springer Berlin / Heidelberg |
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0340-5443 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5203 |
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Mirabet, V.; Fréon, P.; Lett, C. |
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Factors affecting information transfer from knowledgeable to naive individuals in groups |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume |
63 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
159-171-171 |
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Biomedical and Life Sciences |
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There is evidence that individuals in animal groups benefit from the presence of knowledgeable group members in different ways. Experiments and computer simulations have shown that a few individuals within a group can lead others, for a precise task and at a specific moment. As a group travels, different individuals possessing a particular knowledge may act as temporary leaders, so that the group will, as a whole, follow their behaviour. In this paper, we use a model to study different factors influencing group response to temporary leadership. The model is based on four individual behaviours. Three of those, attraction, repulsion, and alignment, are shared by all individuals. The last one, attraction toward the source of a stimulus, concerns only a fraction of the group members. We explore the influence of group size, proportion of stimulated individuals, number of influential neighbours, and intensity of the attraction to the source of the stimulus, on the proportion of the group reaching this source. Special attention is given to the simulation of large group size, close to those observed in nature. Groups of 100, 400 and 900 individuals are currently simulated, and up to 8,000 in one experiment. We show that more stimulated individuals and a larger group size both induce the arrival of a larger fraction of the group. The number of influential neighbours and the intensity of the stimulus have a non-linear influence on the proportion of the group arrival, displaying first a positive relationship and then, above a given threshold, a negative one. We conclude that an intermediate level of group cohesion provides optimal transfer information from knowledgeable to naive individuals. |
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Springer Berlin / Heidelberg |
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0340-5443 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5295 |
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Hildenbrandt, H.; Carere, C.; Hemelrijk, C.K. |
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Self-organized aerial displays of thousands of starlings: a model |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Behavioral Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. |
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21 |
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6 |
Pages |
1349-1359 |
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Through combining theoretical models and empirical data, complexity science has increased our understanding of social behavior of animals, in particular of social insects, primates, and fish. What are missing are studies of collective behavior of huge swarms of birds. Recently detailed empirical data have been collected of the swarming maneuvers of large flocks of thousands of starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) at their communal sleeping site (roost). Their flocking maneuvers are of dazzling complexity in their changes in density and flock shape, but the processes underlying them are still a mystery. Recent models show that flocking may arise by self-organization from rules of co-ordination with nearby neighbors, but patterns in these models come nowhere near the complexity of those of the real starlings. The question of this paper, therefore, is whether such complex patterns can emerge by self-organization. In our computer model, called StarDisplay, we combine the usual rules of co-ordination based on separation, attraction, and alignment with specifics of starling behavior: 1) simplified aerodynamics of flight, especially rolling during turning, 2) movement above a “roosting area” (sleeping site), and 3) the low fixed number of interaction neighbors (i.e., the topological range). Our model generates patterns that resemble remarkably not only qualitative but also quantitative empirical data collected in Rome through video recordings and position measurements by stereo photography. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying complex flocking maneuvers of starlings and other birds. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5403 |
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Monard, A.-M.; Duncan, P.; Fritz, H.; Feh, C. |
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Variations in the birth sex ratio and neonatal mortality in a natural herd of horses |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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41 |
Issue |
4 |
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243-249 |
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Variations in birth sex ratios and sex differences in juvenile mortality occur in a number of mammalian species, and in many cases have been linked to resource availability. Most of these biases in offspring sex ratios concern polygynous species with pronounced sexual dimorphism, and where females only are philopatric. Data on species with unusual life-history strategies, such as slight sexual dimorphism or dispersal by both sexes, are of particular interest. In this study of a natural herd of horses (Equus caballus) which experienced an eruptive cycle, and therefore a period of nutritional stress, male offspring had higher neonatal mortality rates in nutritionally poor years than in good ones, whereas “year quality” had no effect on the mortality of female offspring; year quality could therefore be used by mares as predictor of sex-specific offspring survival. We show that the environmental conditions that predicted lower survival of males were negatively related to their production: the birth sex ratio the following year was female-biased; and mares were less likely to produce a son when they had produced a son the preceding year. There was no significant effect of mother's parity, age or rank, or the timing of conception or birth on offspring sex ratios. The mechanism leading to biases in the birth sex ratio could have been the loss of male embryos by mares that did not foal. As there was no evidence for selective abortion of male foetuses in females that did foal the next year, it is not necessary to invoke maternal adjustment, though this remains a possibility. Finally, there was a suggestion that male offspring were more costly to raise than females, since mothers that reared a son in poor years tended to experience an increase in the interbirth interval between their two subsequent offspring. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2388 |
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Dugatkin, L.A.; Godin, J.-G.J. |
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Female mate copying in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata): age-dependent effects |
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Journal Article |
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1993 |
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Behavioral Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. |
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4 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
289-292 |
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mate choice, copying, guppy, Poecilia reticulata |
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Virtually all studies of mate choice to date have assumed that females choose mates independent of one another. Social cues, however, such as the mate choice of conspecifics, may also play an important role in such decisions. Previous work has shown that female guppies of similar age copy each other's choice of mates. Here we examine the effect of relative age on mate choice copying in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, and examine whether younger individuals are more likely to copy the mate choice of older conspecifics than vice versa. Results indicate that younger females copy the mate choice of older females, but older individuals do not appear to be influenced by the mate choice of younger individuals. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2181 |
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Mesterton-Gibbons, M.; Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Toward a theory of dominance hierarchies: effects of assessment, group size, and variation in fighting ability |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. |
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6 |
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4 |
Pages |
416-423 |
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We introduce assessment to the analysis of dominance hierarchies by exploring the effect of an evolutionarily stable fighting rule when there is variation in resource holding potential (RHP) and RHP is not a perfectly reliable predictor of the outcome of a fight. With assessment, the probability of a linear hierarchy decreases with group size but can remain appreciable for groups of up to seven or eight individuals, whereas it decreases virtually to zero if there is no assessment. The probability of a hierarchy that correlates perfectly with RHP is low unless group size is small. |
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10.1093/beheco/6.4.416 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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447 |
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