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Author | Fagot, J.; Tomonaga, M. | ||||
Title | Effects of element separation on perceptual grouping by humans (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): perception of Kanizsa illusory figures | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 4 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 171-177 |
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Abstract | The processing of Kanizsa-square illusory figures was studied in two experiments with four humans and two chimpanzees. Subjects of the two species were initially trained to select a Kanizsa-square illusory figure presented in a computerized two-alternative forced choice task. After training, adding narrow closing segments to the pacman inducers that composed the Kanisza illusory figures lowered performance in both chimpanzees and humans, suggesting that the discrimination could be controlled by the perception of illusory forms. A second experiment assessed transfer of performance with five sets of figures in which the size of the inducers and their separation were manipulated. Only for chimpanzees was performance directly controlled by separation, suggesting that chimpanzees are more sensitive than humans to the separation between visual elements. | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3172 | ||
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Author | Wilson, A.M.; McGuigan, M.P.; Su, A.; van Den Bogert, A.J. | ||||
Title | Horses damp the spring in their step | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
Volume | 414 | Issue | 6866 | Pages | 895-899 |
Keywords | Animals; Biomechanics; Elasticity; Forelimb; Gait; Horses/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Leg Bones/*physiology; Locomotion; Models, Biological; Muscle Fibers/physiology; Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Tendons/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Vibration | ||||
Abstract | The muscular work of galloping in horses is halved by storing and returning elastic strain energy in spring-like muscle-tendon units.These make the legs act like a child's pogo stick that is tuned to stretch and recoil at 2.5 strides per second. This mechanism is optimized by unique musculoskeletal adaptations: the digital flexor muscles have extremely short fibres and significant passive properties, whereas the tendons are very long and span several joints. Length change occurs by a stretching of the spring-like digital flexor tendons rather than through energetically expensive length changes in the muscle. Despite being apparently redundant for such a mechanism, the muscle fibres in the digital flexors are well developed. Here we show that the mechanical arrangement of the elastic leg permits it to vibrate at a higher frequency of 30-40 Hz that could cause fatigue damage to tendon and bone. Furthermore, we show that the digital flexor muscles have minimal ability to contribute to or regulate significantly the 2.5-Hz cycle of movement, but are ideally arranged to damp these high-frequency oscillations in the limb. | ||||
Address | Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK. awilson@rvc.ac.uk | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:11780059 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2300 | ||
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Author | Byrne, R.W.; Corp, N.; Byrne, J.M. | ||||
Title | Manual dexterity in the gorilla: bimanual and digit role differentiation in a natural task | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 4 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 347-361 |
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Abstract | The manipulative actions of mountain gorillas Gorilla g. beringei were examined in the context of foraging on hard-to-process plant foods in the field, in particular those used in tackling thistle Carduus nyassanus. A repertoire of 72 functionally distinct manipulative actions was recorded. Many of these actions were used in several variants of grip, finger(s) and movement path, both by different individuals and by the same individual at different times. The repertoire appears somewhat greater than that observed in comparable studies of monkeys, but a far more striking difference is found in the use of differentiated actions in concert. Mountain gorillas routinely and frequently deal with problems that involve: (1) bimanual role differentiation, with the two hands taking different roles but synchronized in time and space, and (2) digit role differentiation, with independent control of parts of the same hand used for separate purposes at the same time. The independent control that allows these abilities, so crucial to human manual constructional ability, is apparently general in African great apes. Role differentiation, between and within the hand, is evidently a primitive characteristic in the human arsenal of skills. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3357 | ||
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Author | Kimura, R. | ||||
Title | Volatile substances in feces, urine and urine-marked feces of feral horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Canadian Journal of Animal Science | Abbreviated Journal | Can. J. Anim. Sci. |
Volume | 81 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 411-420 |
Keywords | Odors (volatile), excrement, scent-marking, masking, horse (feral), (releaser) pheromone | ||||
Abstract | The identity and amount of volatile substances in the feces, urine and feces scent-marked with urine (i.e., feces mixed with urine) of feral horses was determined by acid/steam distillation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The frequency of excretion and scent marking, as evaluated in the breeding and non-breeding seasons, showed clear evidence of seasonal behavioral differences. The concentration of each substance (fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, amines and alkanes) in the feces differed according to maturity, sex and stage in the reproductive process. They had a characteristic chemical fingerprint. Although the levels of tetradecanoic and hexadecanoic acids in the feces of estrous mares were significantly higher than the respective levels in the feces of non-estrous mares, in the case of scent-marked feces by stallions, the levels of them in the feces from estrous mares had decreased to levels similar to those in non-estrous mares. The concentration of these substances in mares were not significantly different. The presence of a high concentration of cresols in the urine of stallions in the breeding season suggests that one role of scent marking by stallions is masking the odor of the feces produced by mares. | ||||
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ISSN | 0008-3984 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Equine Museum of Japan, 1-3 Negishidai, Nakaku, Yokohama 231, Japan (hidousch@alles.or.jp) | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2314 | ||
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Author | Zentall, T.R. | ||||
Title | The case for a cognitive approach to animal learning and behavior | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Behavioral Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav Processes |
Volume | 54 | Issue | 1-3 | Pages | 65-78 |
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Abstract | The dangers of hypothesizing about unobservable cognitive mechanisms are well known to behavior analysts. I propose, however, that carefully fashioned cognitive theories that make predictions that are inconsistent with current behavioral theories can provide useful research tools for the understanding of behavior. Furthermore, even if the results of such research may be accommodated by modifying existing behavioral theories, our understanding of behavior is often advanced by the empirical findings because it is unlikely that the research would have been conducted in the absence of such cognitive hypothesizing. Two examples of the development of emergent relations are described: The first deals with the nature of a pigeon's 'representation' of two stimuli both of which are associated with correct responding to a third in a many-to-one matching task (stimulus equivalence or common representations). The second has to do with transitive inference, the emergent relation between two stimuli mediated by their relation to a common stimulus in a simultaneous discrimination. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 40506-0044, Lexington, KY, USA | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0376-6357 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:11369461 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 25 | |||
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Author | Tomasello, M.; Call, J | ||||
Title | Books Received | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Animal Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 61 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 269-270 |
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Abstract | The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots. By I. M. PEPPERBERG. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (1999). |
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ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5446 | ||
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Author | Marlin, D.J.; Schroter, R.C.; White, S.L.; Maykuth, P.; Matthesen, G.; Mills, P.C.; Waran, N.; Harris, P. | ||||
Title | Recovery from transport and acclimatisation of competition horses in a hot humid environment | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Equine Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J |
Volume | 33 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 371-379 |
Keywords | Acclimatization/*physiology; Animals; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Breeding; Feeding Behavior; Female; Heart Rate; Heat; Heat Stroke/prevention & control/veterinary; Horse Diseases/prevention & control; Horses/*physiology; Humidity; Male; Respiration; Sports; *Transportation; Tropical Climate | ||||
Abstract | The aims of the present field-based study were to investigate changes in fit horses undergoing acclimatisation to a hot humid environment and to provide data on which to base recommendations for safe transport and acclimatisation. Six horses (age 7-12 years) were flown from Europe to Atlanta and underwent a 16 day period of acclimatisation. Exercise conditions during acclimatisation (wet bulb globe temperature index 27.6+/-0.0 [mean +/- s.e.]) were more thermally stressful compared with the European climate from which the horses had come (22.0+/-1.8, P<0.001). Following the flight, weight loss was 4.1+/-0.8% bodyweight and took around 7 days to recover. Water intake during the day was significantly increased (P<0.05) compared with night during acclimatisation. Daily mean exercise duration was 72+/-12 min and the majority of work was performed with a heart rate below 120 beats/min. Respiratory rate (fR) was increased (P<0.05) throughout acclimatisation compared with in Europe, but resting morning (AM) and evening (PM) rectal temperature (TREC), heart rate (fC) and plasma volume were unchanged. White blood cell (WBC) count was significantly increased at AM compared with in Europe on Days 4 and 10 of acclimatisation (P<0.01), but was not different by Day 16. In conclusion, horses exposed to hot humid environmental conditions without prior acclimatisation are able to accommodate these stresses and, with appropriate management, remain fit and clinically healthy, without significant risk of heat illness or heat-related disorders, provided they are allowed sufficient time to recover from transport, acclimatisation is undertaken gradually and they are monitored appropriately. | ||||
Address | Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0425-1644 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:11469770 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 1917 | ||
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Author | Spengler M.I.; Rasia M. | ||||
Title | Influence of Plasma Proteins on Erythrocyte Aggregation in Three Mammalian Species | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Veterinary Research Communications | Abbreviated Journal | Vet.Res.Comm |
Volume | 25 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 591-599 |
Keywords | albumin – bovine – equine – erythrocyte aggregation – dextran – haemorheology – human – plasma protein – polyvinylpyrrolidone | ||||
Abstract | The aggregation capacity of human erythrocytes lies between that of the non-aggregating bovine erythrocytes and the remarkably aggregating equine ones. As the ability to aggregate is attributed to cell factors and the composition of the plasma proteins, the role that plasma proteins play in the aggregation process in these three species was studied. Washed erythrocytes were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4, 300 mOsm/L) plus polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in a suitable concentration to obtain an average intensity of aggregation (control media). The superimposed effect of replacing 80% of the medium by either autologous plasma, serum or albumin solution was studied. The plasma proteins appeared to enhance aggregation by human and equine erythrocytes, but impaired this process in bovine erythrocytes. Some evidence was obtained supporting the existence of serum factors capable of reducing aggregation of erythrocytes in cattle and it was concluded that the non-aggregating behaviour of bovine erythrocytes may be due to the cells interacting particularly with the macromolecules in the serum. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 2013 | ||
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Author | Parr, L.A. | ||||
Title | Cognitive and physiological markers of emotional awareness in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 4 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 223-229 |
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Abstract | The ability to understand emotion in others is one of the most important factors involved in regulating social interactions in primates. Such emotional awareness functions to coordinate activity among group members, enable the formation of long-lasting individual relationships, and facilitate the pursuit of shared interests. Despite these important evolutionary implications, comparative studies of emotional processing in humans and great apes are practically nonexistent, constituting a major gap in our understanding of the extent to which emotional awareness has played an important role in shaping human behavior and societies. This paper presents the results of two experiments that examine chimpanzees' responses to emotional stimuli. First, changes in peripheral skin temperature were measured while subjects viewed three categories of emotionally negative video scenes; conspecifics being injected with needles (INJ), darts and needles alone (DART), and conspecific directing agonism towards the veterinarians (CHASE). Second, chimpanzees were required to use facial expressions to categorize emotional video scenes, i.e., favorite food and objects and veterinarian procedures, according to their positive and negative valence. With no prior training, subjects spontaneously matched the emotional videos to conspecific facial expressions according to their shared emotional meaning, indicating that chimpanzee facial expressions are processed emotionally, as are human expressions. Decreases in peripheral skin temperature, indicative of negative sympathetic arousal, were significantly lower when subjects viewed the INJ and DART videos, compared to the CHASE videos, indicating greater negative arousal when viewing conspecifics being injected with needles, and needles themselves, than when viewing conspecifics engaged in general agonism. | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3245 | ||
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Author | Johnson-Pynn, J.; Fragaszy, D.M. | ||||
Title | Do apes and monkeys rely upon conceptual reversibility? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 4 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 315-324 |
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Abstract | The ability to seriate nesting cups as a sensorimotor task has posed interesting questions for cognitive scientists. Greenfield et al. [(1972) Cognit Psychol 3:291–310] found parallels between children's combinatorial activity with nesting cups and patterns of phonological and grammatical constructions. The parallels suggested the possibility of a neurally based developmental homology between language and instrumental action [Greenfield (1991) Behav Brain Sci 14:531–595]. Children who predominantly used subassembly, a hierarchical method of combining cups, succeeded at seriating nesting cups more often than those who did not. Greenfield and others [e.g., Piaget and Inhelder (1969) The psychology of the child. Basic Books, New York; DeLoache et al. (1985) Child Dev 56:928–939] argued that success in seriation reflects the child's growing recognition of a reversible relationship: a particular element in a series is conceived of as being smaller than the previous element and larger than the subsequent element. But is a concept of reversibility or a hierarchical form of object manipulation necessary to seriate cups? In this article, we review studies with very young children and nonhuman primates to determine how individuals that do not evidence conceptual reversibility manage the seriation task. We argue that the development of skill in seriation is experientially, rather than conceptually, driven and that it may be unnecessary to link seriation with cognitive conceptions of reversibility or linguistic capacities. Rather, in ordering a set of objects by size, perceptual-motor learning may enable contemplative refinement. | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3360 | ||
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