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Author Flack, J.C.; Girvan, M.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Krakauer, D.C.
Title Policing stabilizes construction of social niches in primates Type Journal Article
Year 2006 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 439 Issue 7075 Pages 426-429
Keywords Animals; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Macaca nemestrina/*physiology/*psychology; Male; Models, Biological; *Social Behavior
Abstract (up) All organisms interact with their environment, and in doing so shape it, modifying resource availability. Termed niche construction, this process has been studied primarily at the ecological level with an emphasis on the consequences of construction across generations. We focus on the behavioural process of construction within a single generation, identifying the role a robustness mechanism--conflict management--has in promoting interactions that build social resource networks or social niches. Using 'knockout' experiments on a large, captive group of pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina), we show that a policing function, performed infrequently by a small subset of individuals, significantly contributes to maintaining stable resource networks in the face of chronic perturbations that arise through conflict. When policing is absent, social niches destabilize, with group members building smaller, less diverse, and less integrated grooming, play, proximity and contact-sitting networks. Instability is quantified in terms of reduced mean degree, increased clustering, reduced reach, and increased assortativity. Policing not only controls conflict, we find it significantly influences the structure of networks that constitute essential social resources in gregarious primate societies. The structure of such networks plays a critical role in infant survivorship, emergence and spread of cooperative behaviour, social learning and cultural traditions.
Address Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 1476-4687 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:16437106 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 298
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Author Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Parker, G.A.
Title Punishment in animal societies Type Journal Article
Year 1995 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 373 Issue 6511 Pages 209-216
Keywords
Abstract (up) Although positive reciprocity (reciprocal altruism) has been a focus of interest in evolutionary biology, negative reciprocity (retaliatory infliction of fitness reduction) has been largely ignored. In social animals, retaliatory aggression is common, individuals often punish other group members that infringe their interests, and punishment can cause subordinates to desist from behaviour likely to reduce the fitness of dominant animals. Punishing strategies are used to establish and maintain dominance relationships, to discourage parasites and cheats, to discipline offspring or prospective sexual partners and to maintain cooperative behaviour.
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Notes 10.1038/373209a0 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4838
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Author Ferrero, D.M.; Moeller, L.M.; Osakada, T.; Horio, N.; Li, Q.; Roy, D.S.; Cichy, A.; Spehr, M.; Touhara, K.; Liberles, S.D.
Title A juvenile mouse pheromone inhibits sexual behaviour through the vomeronasal system Type Journal Article
Year 2013 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 502 Issue 7471 Pages 368-371
Keywords Pheromone Olfactory receptors
Abstract (up) Animals display a repertoire of different social behaviours. Appropriate behavioural responses depend on sensory input received during social interactions. In mice, social behaviour is driven by pheromones, chemical signals that encode information related to age, sex and physiological state1. However, although mice show different social behaviours towards adults, juveniles and neonates, sensory cues that enable specific recognition of juvenile mice are unknown. Here we describe a juvenile pheromone produced by young mice before puberty, termed exocrine-gland secreting peptide 22 (ESP22). ESP22 is secreted from the lacrimal gland and released into tears of 2- to 3-week-old mice. Upon detection, ESP22 activates high-affinity sensory neurons in the vomeronasal organ, and downstream limbic neurons in the medial amygdala. Recombinant ESP22, painted on mice, exerts a powerful inhibitory effect on adult male mating behaviour, which is abolished in knockout mice lacking TRPC2, a key signalling component of the vomeronasal organ2, 3. Furthermore, knockout of TRPC2 or loss of ESP22 production results in increased sexual behaviour of adult males towards juveniles, and sexual responses towards ESP22-deficient juveniles are suppressed by ESP22 painting. Thus, we describe a pheromone of sexually immature mice that controls an innate social behaviour, a response pathway through the accessory olfactory system and a new role for vomeronasal organ signalling in inhibiting sexual behaviour towards young. These findings provide a molecular framework for understanding how a sensory system can regulate behaviour.
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Publisher Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5732
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Author Rands, S.A.; Cowlishaw, G.; Pettifor, R.A.; Rowcliffe, J.M.; Johnstone, R.A.
Title Spontaneous emergence of leaders and followers in foraging pairs Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 423 Issue 6938 Pages 432-434
Keywords Animals; *Energy Metabolism; Food; *Food Chain; *Models, Biological; Motor Activity; *Social Behavior; Time Factors
Abstract (up) Animals that forage socially often stand to gain from coordination of their behaviour. Yet it is not known how group members reach a consensus on the timing of foraging bouts. Here we demonstrate a simple process by which this may occur. We develop a state-dependent, dynamic game model of foraging by a pair of animals, in which each individual chooses between resting or foraging during a series of consecutive periods, so as to maximize its own individual chances of survival. We find that, if there is an advantage to foraging together, the equilibrium behaviour of both individuals becomes highly synchronized. As a result of this synchronization, differences in the energetic reserves of the two players spontaneously develop, leading them to adopt different behavioural roles. The individual with lower reserves emerges as the 'pace-maker' who determines when the pair should forage, providing a straightforward resolution to the problem of group coordination. Moreover, the strategy that gives rise to this behaviour can be implemented by a simple 'rule of thumb' that requires no detailed knowledge of the state of other individuals.
Address Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. s.rands@zoo.cam.ac.uk
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ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:12761547 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5138
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Author Nagy, M.; Akos, Z.; Biro, D.; Vicsek, T.
Title Hierarchical group dynamics in pigeon flocks Type Journal Article
Year 2010 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 464 Issue 7290 Pages 890-893
Keywords
Abstract (up) Animals that travel together in groups display a variety of fascinating motion patterns thought to be the result of delicate local interactions among group members1, 2, 3. Although the most informative way of investigating and interpreting collective movement phenomena would be afforded by the collection of high-resolution spatiotemporal data from moving individuals, such data are scarce4, 5, 6, 7 and are virtually non-existent for long-distance group motion within a natural setting because of the associated technological difficulties8. Here we present results of experiments in which track logs of homing pigeons flying in flocks of up to 10 individuals have been obtained by high-resolution lightweight GPS devices and analysed using a variety of correlation functions inspired by approaches common in statistical physics. We find a well-defined hierarchy among flock members from data concerning leading roles in pairwise interactions, defined on the basis of characteristic delay times between birds’ directional choices. The average spatial position of a pigeon within the flock strongly correlates with its place in the hierarchy, and birds respond more quickly to conspecifics perceived primarily through the left eye—both results revealing differential roles for birds that assume different positions with respect to flock-mates. From an evolutionary perspective, our results suggest that hierarchical organization of group flight may be more efficient than an egalitarian one, at least for those flock sizes that permit regular pairwise interactions among group members, during which leader–follower relationships are consistently manifested.
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Publisher Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Place of Publication Editor
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ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium
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Notes 10.1038/nature08891 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5111
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Author Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W.C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C.E.; Wrangham, R.W.; Boesch, C.
Title Cultures in chimpanzees Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 399 Issue 6737 Pages 682-685
Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Species Specificity
Abstract (up) As an increasing number of field studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have achieved long-term status across Africa, differences in the behavioural repertoires described have become apparent that suggest there is significant cultural variation. Here we present a systematic synthesis of this information from the seven most long-term studies, which together have accumulated 151 years of chimpanzee observation. This comprehensive analysis reveals patterns of variation that are far more extensive than have previously been documented for any animal species except humans. We find that 39 different behaviour patterns, including tool usage, grooming and courtship behaviours, are customary or habitual in some communities but are absent in others where ecological explanations have been discounted. Among mammalian and avian species, cultural variation has previously been identified only for single behaviour patterns, such as the local dialects of song-birds. The extensive, multiple variations now documented for chimpanzees are thus without parallel. Moreover, the combined repertoire of these behaviour patterns in each chimpanzee community is itself highly distinctive, a phenomenon characteristic of human cultures but previously unrecognised in non-human species.
Address Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, UK
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ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:10385119 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 742
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Author Proudman, C.; Pinchbeck, G.; Clegg, P.; French, N.
Title Equine welfare: risk of horses falling in the Grand National Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 428 Issue 6981 Pages 385-386
Keywords Accidental Falls/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data; Animal Welfare; Animals; Great Britain; Horse Diseases/prevention & control; Horses/*physiology; Odds Ratio; Risk Assessment; *Sports
Abstract (up) As in other competitive sports, the famous Grand National steeplechase, which is held at Aintree in the United Kingdom and is watched by 600 million people worldwide, sometimes results in injury. By analysing data from the past 15 Grand National races (consisting of 560 starts by horses), we are able to identify several factors that are significantly associated with failure to complete the race: no previous experience of the course and its unique obstacles, unfavourable ground conditions (too soft or too hard), a large number of runners, and the length of the odds ('starting price'). We also find that there is an increased risk of falling at the first fence and at the jump known as Becher's Brook, which has a ditch on the landing side. Our findings indicate ways in which the Grand National could be made safer for horses and illustrate how epidemiological analysis might contribute to preventing injury in competitive sport.
Address Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK. c.j.proudman@liverpool.ac.uk
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1476-4687 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:15042079 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 535
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Author Clutton-Brock, T.H.
Title Primate social organisation and ecology Type Journal Article
Year 1974 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 250 Issue 5467 Pages 539-542
Keywords
Abstract (up) Attempts to relate interspecific differences in social organisation among primates to gross differences in habitat or diet type have been largely unsuccessful. This is probably partly because distantly related species have adapted to similar ecological situations in different ways and partly because much finer ecological differences are important.
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Notes 10.1038/250539a0 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4730
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Author Prather, J.F.; Peters, S.; Nowicki, S.; Mooney, R.
Title Precise auditory-vocal mirroring in neurons for learned vocal communication Type Journal Article
Year 2008 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 451 Issue 7176 Pages 305-310
Keywords
Abstract (up) Brain mechanisms for communication must establish a correspondence between sensory and motor codes used to represent

the signal. One idea is that this correspondence is established at the level of single neurons that are active when the

individual performs a particular gesture or observes a similar gesture performed by another individual. Although neurons

that display a precise auditory–vocal correspondence could facilitate vocal communication, they have yet to be identified.

Here we report that a certain class of neurons in the swamp sparrow forebrain displays a precise auditory–vocal

correspondence. We show that these neurons respond in a temporally precise fashion to auditory presentation of certain

note sequences in this songbird’s repertoire and to similar note sequences in other birds’ songs. These neurons display

nearly identical patterns of activity when the bird sings the same sequence, and disrupting auditory feedback does not alter

this singing-related activity, indicating it is motor in nature. Furthermore, these neurons innervate striatal structures

important for song learning, raising the possibility that singing-related activity in these cells is compared to auditory

feedback to guide vocal learning.
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Publisher Nature Publishing Group Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes 10.1038/nature06492 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5062
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Author Brosnan, S.F.; De Waal, F.B.M.
Title Monkeys reject unequal pay Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 425 Issue 6955 Pages 297-299
Keywords Aging; Animals; Cebus/*psychology; Choice Behavior; *Cooperative Behavior; Female; Male; *Reward; Social Justice
Abstract (up) During the evolution of cooperation it may have become critical for individuals to compare their own efforts and pay-offs with those of others. Negative reactions may occur when expectations are violated. One theory proposes that aversion to inequity can explain human cooperation within the bounds of the rational choice model, and may in fact be more inclusive than previous explanations. Although there exists substantial cultural variation in its particulars, this 'sense of fairness' is probably a human universal that has been shown to prevail in a wide variety of circumstances. However, we are not the only cooperative animals, hence inequity aversion may not be uniquely human. Many highly cooperative nonhuman species seem guided by a set of expectations about the outcome of cooperation and the division of resources. Here we demonstrate that a nonhuman primate, the brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella), responds negatively to unequal reward distribution in exchanges with a human experimenter. Monkeys refused to participate if they witnessed a conspecific obtain a more attractive reward for equal effort, an effect amplified if the partner received such a reward without any effort at all. These reactions support an early evolutionary origin of inequity aversion.
Address Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN 1476-4687 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:13679918 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 179
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